1. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation1 HydrometeorologicalMeasurements Melanie A. Wetzel Desert Research Institute University of Nevada, Reno and

2. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation2 Components of the Hydrologic Cycle

3. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation3 Processes of Transport and Transformation Water resources distribution is controlled by the radiation balance, movement of air masses with contrasting temperature and moisture contents, terrain features and local airflow patterns

4. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation4 Primary Elements of Hydromet Monitoring Atmospheric Vapor Cloud Water Rainfall Snowfall Snowpack Groundwater Streamflow Water Quality

5. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation5 Atmospheric Humidity [ Ground-based temperature/humidity monitoring [ Rawinsondes to provide vapor transport [ Role of wind-driven evaporation [ Impact of soil type and other surface parameters

6. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation6 Evapotranspiration Lysimeters measure the loss of water by mass balance from a surface layer usually containing soil and vegetation

7. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation7 Evaporation Water loss from open water is a large source of atmospheric moisture. Evaporation from snow in dry or high altitude zones also causes significant loss.

8. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation8 Measurement of Cloud Water Content Hot Wire Sensors Optical Probes Impaction Collectors Cloud Sieves

9. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation9 Tipping Bucket Raingages Calibrated per-tip volume is converted to equivalent depth per unit area. Errors due to sticking of snow on sides of funnel, debris, and unrepresentative capture at collection aperture.

10. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation10 Weighing Bucket and Snow Gages Use of heating, anti-freeze solutions and apparatus for wind screening improve the measurement of total rain and snow equivalent depths.

11. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation11 Snow Depth Sensors Applications which require monitoring of physical snow depth (such as at ski areas) can utilize acoustic snow depth sensors. Amounts are under- represented when snow has a low density due to sound transfer into the snowpack.

12. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation12 Measurement of Snow Water Equivalent Snow pillows monitor mass of overlying snow, and snow cores provide column water amount.

13. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation13 Fuel (Vegetation) Moisture Fuel Rod devices are designed to simulate moisture content of trees within forest environments, for monitoring fire potential. Fuel moisture is a direct function of atmospheric humidity, precipitation and soil moisture.

14. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation14 Streamflow Monitoring Stream discharge is estimated from measurements of the stream stage height. Stage height instruments: Staff gage Stilling well / float Bubbler Pressure Transducer Acoustic Sensor

15. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation15 Stream Cross-Sections Flumes and weirs control flow into a known cross-section, so that river stage height can be monitored visually or automatically. Stage height is related to volumetric discharge using stream profile measurements.

16. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation16 Current Meters and Profiles Stream velocity follows a vertical profile similar to boundary layer winds, and measurement depths are selected to according to this profile.

17. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation17 Discharge Calculations Number and location of current measurements across the channel are determined from stream width and depth.

18. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation18 Flood Recurrence Interval Numerical ranking of peak streamflow is used to estimate the probability of flood conditions.

19. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation19 Water Quality Contaminants include sediment, bacteria, metals, aerosols, biogenic chemicals and many others.

20. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation20 Water Chemistry and Turbidity Sample collection and automated sensing are used to monitor sediment and pollutant concentrations.

21. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation21 Networks of Hydrometeorological Sensors

22. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation22 Effects of Local Changes Alterations of the stream channel, soil and vegetation are analogous to modification in the airshed due to construction and urbanization

23. HydrometJanuary 2001 -- AMS Short Course on Instrumentation23 References Nathanson, J.A., 1997: Basic Environmental Technology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 440 pp. Ward, A.D., and W.J. Elliot, 1996: Environmental Hydrology. Lewis, Boca Raton, 496 pp. Watts, S., and L. Halliwell, ed., 1996: Essential Environmental Science: Methods and Techniques. Routledge, New York, 512 pp.