1. Unit 1 PART 2

2. Pilgrims, Puritans, and Planters  1620 – Mayflower lands in Plymouth, Massachusetts  Reformers who tried to purify Church of England  Initially referred to as Puritans, but were called Pilgrims in the New World  1720 – Puritanism had declined, but Great Awakening brings new converts (only hard work and self-reliance though)  Southern Colonies – different crops, climate, and religion  Plantations  1619 – slaves first brought to Virginia

3. Creating a Nation  Europeans wanted to create a “city upon a hill” – an ideal community founded on moral and religious values  What would they think of modern times?  Colonists were assisted by the Native Americans and created small farms and plantations  The Enlightenment shocked Puritan beliefs – idea that people are basically good and can use reason to create a better society

4. New World Natural Environment  Place of Wonder  Long shores and sandy beaches with vast forests  Mountain ranges and fertile valleys  Lots of plants, fish, birds, and animals  At one with the place  Native Americans believed people belonged to the land  Lands, waters, and animals were a part of the community

5. Colonists’ attitudes  Dream vs. Reality  Dream was to create a theocracy (community governed by religious principles)  Reality was starving, cold, disease, and animals  Independent place and people  18 th C. Europeans had firm foothold in America  Built towns, roads, and churches  Worried less about survival and more about self-government

6. American literature  Theme – central idea, message, or insight that a literary work reveals  Wilderness – insights into the nature and meaning of the wilderness  Community – central message that America was a unique combination of community and independence  Individualism – self-reliance and individualism are fundamental American values

7. Literary Analysis  Author’s purpose – the reason for writing  Author’s audience – the people or readers who will hear or read the speech or literature  To inform – Bradford seeks to tell the new generation about the Pilgrims’ history  To persuade – Bradford seeks to inspire the new generation to uphold Puritan values

8. Literary Analysis cont.  Sermon – speech given from a pulpit in a house of worship  Form of oratory – formal public speaking  Persuasive – inspire listeners to take action  Address the needs and concerns of the audience  Appeal to the emotions  Include expressive and rhythmic language  Contain archetypes – images, patterns, characters, or stories from The Bible, myth, or classical literature

9. William Bradford  Born in Yorkshire, England in 1590  Joins group of Puritans who believed the Church of England was corrupt  Fled to Holland with the group and eventually sails to North America  Elected governor after first leader dies  Re-elected thirty times  Organized the repayment of debts to financial backers, encouraged new immigration, instituted town meetings, and established good relationships with the Native Americans, who helped the colonists through the first winter  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hpi1dR9sl8M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hpi1dR9sl8M

10. Jonathan Edwards  “Fire and Brimstone” minister  Symbolized the torments of hell endured by sinners  Born in East Windsor, Connecticut in 1703  Was an assistant minister to his grandfather. He became the pastor when his grandfather died.  One the leaders of the Great Awakening – return to Puritan roots  Ultimately gets dismissed from church for his actions, especially “calling out” sinners and their sins  Preached to Native Americans, wrote, and became president of the College of New Jersey (Princeton) after dismissal  http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/jonathan-edwards-and- the-great-awakening-sermons-biography.html#lesson http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/jonathan-edwards-and- the-great-awakening-sermons-biography.html#lesson

11. Correlative Conjunctions  A pair of words that is used to connect similar words or groups of words  Both/and  Either/or  Neither/nor  Not only/but also  Whether/or  As/as