1. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 13 Closing the Frontier: 1866 - 1888 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Section 1: The Frontier Wars Section 2: Cattle Kingdoms Section 3: Westward Expansion Section 4: The Texas Rangers Chapter 13: Closing the Frontier: 1866 - 1888 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. The Frontier Wars Why did American officials and many Native American leaders agree that the Indians should move to reservations? Why was the Red River War significant? What effect did the Frontier Wars have on the Texas Indians? Chapter 13, Section 1

4. A History of Conflict Soldiers Defending Texas After the Civil War, the U.S. government sent troops to help end the Indian raids. In 1867, tribal leaders met with government officials to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty. A treaty is a formal agreement between two nations. The treaty did not bring peace. Reservation Policy Kiowas raided a wagon train at Salt Creek in the Salt Creek Massacre. This caused the army to switch its policy. Instead of defending the frontier, the army would now force all Indians onto reservations. Fighting in Texas intensified. Chapter 13, Section 1

5. The Frontier Wars

6. Leaders in the Frontier Wars William T. Sherman General Philip Sheridan Colonel Ranald S. MacKenzie Colonel John Davidson Quanah Parker General Nelson Miles Union hero in the Civil War commanded the U.S. army Union hero in the Civil War Directed five separate field armies against the Comanches and the Kiowas in the 1870s Led much of the fighting against the Indians Considered by many to be the best Indian fighter in the West Led several campaigns against the Indians in Texas Led units in the Panhandle Son of a Comanche father and white mother Became a Comanche warrior and leader Led several successful raids Lone Wolf Kiowa leader Opposed settlement on reservations Led raids against the Texans Chapter 13, Section 1

7. The Frontier Wars in the Panhandle U.S. Strategies Soldiers attacked Indian villages. Troops captured food, blankets, and other supplies. Soldiers burned the villages and killed the horses. The army brought in buffalo hunters to destroy the Indians’ major food source. The buffalo hunters nearly drove the animal to extinction (complete destruction). Red River War The Texas Rangers, joined the final campaign against the Indians in the Panhandle—the Red River War. By destroying the Native Americans’ horses and food supply, U.S. troops were able to defeat them. By the end of 1875, most Texas Plains Indians lived on reservations. Chapter 13, Section 1

8. The Frontier Wars in Southern Texas The end of the Red River War did not stop the violence in Texas: Rio Grande Campaigns - Apache leader Victorio led Indian raids across the Southwest and Mexico. Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers were African American soldiers who fought in the Frontier Wars. Outlaws - Texas was a violent place in the 1870s and 1880s. Cattle thieves were common. Cattle ranchers fought against sheep ranchers. Bandits raided South Texas towns. The Texas Rangers helped control some of these problems. Chapter 13, Section 1

9. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 1 The Frontier Wars - Assessment In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians agreed to move to reservations in Indian Territory in exchange for (A) the right to vote in national elections. (B) government representation. (C) food and supplies. (D) the right to practice their own religion. Who were the Buffalo Soldiers? (A) Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the Indians’ food source (B) African American troops who fought in the Frontier Wars (C) Vigilante soldiers hired to kill Indians (D) Quakers sent to peacefully run the reservations

10. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 1 The Frontier Wars - Assessment In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians agreed to move to reservations in Indian Territory in exchange for (A) the right to vote in national elections. (B) government representation. (C) food and supplies. (D) the right to practice their own religion. Who were the Buffalo Soldiers? (A) Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the Indians’ food source (B) African American troops who fought in the Frontier Wars (C) Vigilante soldiers hired to kill Indians (D) Quakers sent to peacefully run the reservations

11. Cattle Kingdoms Who first established the cattle industry in Texas? What hardships did cowboys face on the trail? Why did the big cattle drives end in the 1880s? Chapter 13, Section 2

12. Spanish Origins Texas Longhorns resulted from Spanish cows bred with Anglo cows. Spanish vaqueros (cowboys) used lariats to round up cattle from horseback. A lariat is a long rope with a noose on one end. Spanish priests and soldiers were the first cattle ranchers in Texas. Early ranchers in Texas faced drought, disease, and theft. They had difficulty transporting cattle to market. The Civil War increased the demand for Texas beef. Chapter 13, Section 2

13. Cattle Trails Problems on the Trails Bandits stole cattle. Farmers complained that longhorns trampled their crops and spread disease to their cattle. Some states passed quarantine laws to keep Texas cattle away from settled areas. Quarantine - to isolate or separate to prevent the spread of disease Famous Trails The Chisholm Trail ran from Texas to Abilene, Kansas. The Great Western Trail traveled through Indian Territory to Dodge City, Kansas. The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from West Texas through New Mexico and Colorado to Wyoming. Drover - a person who moves livestock to market

14. Chapter 13, Section 2 Life on the Trail The daily life of cowboys was less glamorous than what is shown in the movies. A manager, or trail boss, planned the cattle drive. Each drive had 11 to 18 men, including a cook and a scout. Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of spare horses), so they always had fresh horses available. The herd moved about 10 to 15 miles per day. Hazards on the drive included rainstorms, stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.

15. Big Ranches Huge Ranches Spread Across Texas The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million acres—about as large as the state of Rhode Island. Charles Goodnight’s JA Ranch covered more than 1 million acres. A group of Chicago investors owned the XIT Ranch, which was almost as large as Connecticut. Sheep and goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the late 1800s. Some Texans owned mustang (wild horses) ranches. Cowboy Legend and Reality Cowboys generally did not fight with Native Americans. Drovers tried to avoid Indians. Not all cowboys carried guns. Chapter 13, Section 2

16. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 2 Cattle Kingdoms - Assessment Why did some states pass quarantine laws to keep Texas cattle away from settled areas? (A) To keep the cattle from destroying private property (B) To keep children from being hurt by the cattle (C) To prevent crops from being trampled (D) To prevent the spread of disease Spanish cowboys used lariats to (A) brand their animals. (B) round up cattle from horseback. (C) secure their supplies to the saddle. (D) make coffee over an open fire.

17. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 2 Cattle Kingdoms - Assessment Why did some states pass quarantine laws to keep Texas cattle away from settled areas? (A) To keep the cattle from destroying private property (B) To keep children from being hurt by the cattle (C) To prevent crops from being trampled (D) To prevent the spread of disease Spanish cowboys used lariats to (A) brand their animals. (B) round up cattle from horseback. (C) secure their supplies to the saddle. (D) make coffee over an open fire.

18. Westward Expansion Why did many people stream into West Texas in the 1870s? What were the fence-cutting wars? Chapter 13, Section 3

19. The Western Frontier After the Civil War Settlers Move to West Texas The state’s population doubled between 1870 and 1880. Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to justify forcing Indians off the land. Ranchers and farmers saw great financial potential in West Texas. Railroad companies promoted the settlement of West Texas by building railroad lines through the region.

20. The Growth of Railroads Chapter 13, Section 3

21. The Closing of the Western Frontier Ranchers put up barbed wire enclosures, fenced-in areas, to protect their cattle. Farmers put up fences to protect their crops. Some of these fences blocked roads and interfered with mail delivery. By the 1880s, the open range in Texas had been fenced in. Landless cattle owners resorted to cutting these fences to secure grass and water for their herds. Fence cutting caused an estimated $20 million in damages. In 1884, Texas passed a law making it a felony to cut a fence. Felony - a serious crime that usually results in jail time

22. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 3 Westward Expansion - Assessment Why were enclosures so important to ranchers? (A) Enclosures allowed them to control the breeding of their animals. (B) Enclosures helped protect their crops. (C) Enclosures helped them get their cattle to market. (D) Enclosures made sure everyone had access to water sources. What is a felony? (A) A minor crime that usually results in a fine (B) A serious crime that usually results in a fine (C) A serious crime that usually results in a jail sentence (D) A serious crime that is usually dismissed by the judge

23. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 3 Westward Expansion - Assessment Why were enclosures so important to ranchers? (A) Enclosures allowed them to control the breeding of their animals. (B) Enclosures helped protect their crops. (C) Enclosures helped them get their cattle to market. (D) Enclosures made sure everyone had access to water sources. What is a felony? (A) A minor crime that usually results in a fine (B) A serious crime that usually results in a fine (C) A serious crime that usually results in a jail sentence (D) A serious crime that is usually dismissed by the judge

24. The Texas Rangers What caused Stephen F. Austin to raise a force of Rangers in 1823? How did the Texas Rangers change under President Lamar? What were the main tasks of the Rangers during the 1870s? Chapter 13, Section 4

25. The Rangers’ Organization Young, single men Few family ties Often retired by age 30 Provided their own horses, weapons, equipment, and rations Skills of Texas Rangers Skilled horsemen Expert marksmanship Excellent tracking skills Characteristics of Texas Rangers Chapter 13, Section 4

26. The Rangers in Action In the Texas Revolution, the Rangers served as scouts and messengers. In the 1830s and 1840s, Rangers played a major role in removing Native Americans from East Texas. During the Mexican War, Rangers scouted Mexican troop movements. They helped the United States win the Battle of Buena Vista. The Rangers fought against guerrilla fighters in Mexico. Guerrillas are soldiers who are not part of the regular army. Chapter 13, Section 4

27. The True Value of the Rangers Rangers fought to protect Texans from attacks by outlaws, rustlers, Mexican bandits, and Native Americans. The Frontier Battalion dealt with more than 3,000 desperados (reckless, bold outlaws). Rangers also performed routine police tasks, like transporting prisoners and collecting taxes. Their methods were often violent and sometimes illegal. However, the Rangers provided better law and order to Texas in the early days. Chapter 13, Section 4

28. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 4 The Texas Rangers - Assessment Who were Mexicans referring to when they spoke of los diablos Tejanos? (A) Guerrilla fighters (B) Cattle rustlers (C) Desperados (D) Texas Rangers The purpose of the Texas Rangers was to (A) help ranchers enclose their pastures. (B) establish law and order in lawless areas of Texas. (C) demonstrate Texas pride by showing off their horseriding skills. (D) make baseball more popular in the late 1800s.

29. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 13, Section 4 The Texas Rangers - Assessment Who were Mexicans referring to when they spoke of los diablos Tejanos? (A) Guerrilla fighters (B) Cattle rustlers (C) Desperados (D) Texas Rangers The purpose of the Texas Rangers was to (A) help ranchers enclose their pastures. (B) establish law and order in lawless areas of Texas. (C) demonstrate Texas pride by showing off their horseriding skills. (D) make baseball more popular in the late 1800s.