1. Dual Axis Maximum Power Point Tracker

2. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Group Members Miraj Tariq2009-EE-459 Ali Ahmad Saeed2009-EE-497 Mohsin Raza2009-EE-456 Noman Bashir2009-EE-496

3. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Project Background  Energy Crisis  Non-Renewable Energy: Un-friendly to Environment Exhaustible Centralized Increase in cost with time e.g. Fossil Fuels

4. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Renewable Energy  Definition…  Examples: Wind Energy Hydro Energy Solar Energy etc.

5. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Renewable Energy  Importance: Inexhaustible Environment Friendly Decentralized Decrease in cost with time

6. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Solar Energy  Definition…  Importance : Source of all forms of energy Available everywhere Environment Friendly etc.

7. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Technologies for harnessing Solar Energy Solar GeysersSolar PV Panels etc.

8. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Solar Panels Solar Cells Solar Array Solar Panel

9. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Working of Solar Cell

10. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Solar Tracker Single Axis(without tilt) Dual Axis Single Axis(tilt)  Definition…  Types of Solar Tracker:

11. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Why Dual Axes Solar Tracker???

12. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Dual Axis Solar Tracker  Definition…  Possible Mechanical schemes: Rotation around X-axis & Z-axis Around X-axis & Y-axis Around all three axis  Possible Mechanical Design Two Motors One Motor & One Linear Actuators Two Linear Actuators

13. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Dual Axes rotation around X &Y Axis

14. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Stepper Motor  Definition…  Types of Stepper Motors Permanent Magnet Variable Reluctance Hybrid  Winding Arrangements Unipolar Bipolar

15. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Hybrid Stepper Motor  Advantages High Holding Torque High Resolution Long life Both Open & Close loop operated

16. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation References  Wikipedia  Transaction on Energy, biotechnology, planning and Environment ISSN: 2229-8711 Online Publication, June 2011 www.pcoglobal.com/gjto.htmwww.pcoglobal.com/gjto.htm  Khan, M.T.A.; Tanzil, S.M.S.; Rahman, R.; Alam, S.M.S.;, "Design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system," Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), 2010 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.326-329, 18-20 Dec. 2010.  Solar Tracker. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Solar_tracker (accessed March 20, 2010) Sun path diagram image. 2010. http://www.gaisma.com/en/ location/miri.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/  Appleyard, D., 2009. Solar Trackers: Facing the Sun. Renewable Energy World 12(3):http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/ 2009/06/solartrackers- facing-the-sun (accessed May 12, 2010)

17. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Electronic Portion Block Diagram

18. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Electronic Portion Light Sensor Stepper Motor Drive Circuit Microcontroller 1 2 3

19. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Light Sensor  Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

20. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  20 Sensor Circuit  A Florida-based builder program

21. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Microcontroller Functions Receive Data From Each Sensor Circuit Analyze Data & Decide Actions To Be Taken Drive Motors In Desired Direction 1 2 3

22. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation PIC Advantages Built in ADC High Voltage & Current I/O Ports High EEPROM Memory 1 2 3 Low Power Consumption 3

23. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  23 Stepper Motor Drive Circuit

24. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Tracking Algoritham

25. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Purposed Diagram

26. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  26 References  Lwin Lwin Oo; Hlaing, N.K.;, "Microcontroller-Based Two-Axis Solar Tracking System,“ Computer Research and Development, 2010 Second International Conference on, vol., no.,pp.436-440  Kassem, A.; Hamad, M.;, "A microcontroller-based multi-function solar tracking system,"Systems Conference (SysCon), 2011 IEEE International, vol., no., pp.13-16, 4-7 April 2011.  http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE4603 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE4603  http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_4.html http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_4.html

27. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Maximum Power Point Tracker

28. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  28 I-V Curve of Photo Voltaic Open Circuit Voltage Short Circuit Current Graph Between Voc & Isc 1 2 3

29. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation I-V curve of a PV panel

30. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  30 Maximum Power Point Knee Point  Maximum Power Point Panel Must Operate Near Knee Point I-V Curves Effected By Various Factors 1 2 3

31. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  31 Factors Effecting I-V Curves Solar Irradiation Panel Temperature Shading Impact 1 2 3

32. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  32 Effect of Irradiation Measure of Sun Energy Reaching On Ground Ideal Condition Value = 1000W/m² Effect of Irradiation On Voltage & Current 1 2 3

33. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Solar Panel V-I Characteristics vs Irradiances

34. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  34 Effect of Temperature Huge Impact On Voltage Reason For Drastic Change In Voltage Almost No Effect On Current 1 2 3

35. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation SOLAR PANEL V-I CHARACTERISTIC VS.TEMPERATURE

36. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Shading Impact On I-V Curve  Output of A PV Module Can Reduce Dramatically Even If A Small Portion of A Single Cell Is Shaded.  Equivalent Circuit of A Solar Cell

37. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Effect of Shading

38. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Maximum Power Point

39. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  39 Maximum Power Point Tracking Electronic circuit used to track MPP is called Maximum power Point Tracker It finds the voltage at which the power from the panel would be maximum 1 2

40. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation How MPPT Improves Efficiency??

41. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation A stand Alone Solar panel system

42. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  42 Charge Controller Control Charging & Discharging of Batteries Prevents Overcharging Or Deep Discharging Blocks Reverse Current To Panel 1 2 3

43. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  43 PV-Module With Simple Charge Controller Charge Controller Simply Connects The Module With Battery Module Works On Battery Voltage Power Supplied By Panel Will Reduce Considerably Due To Improper Biasing 1 2 3

44. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Conventional Vs MPPT controller

45. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  45 PV-Module With MPPT MPPT Calculates The Voltage At Which Module Is Able To Produce Maximum Power DC-DC Converter Converts The Module Voltage At The Controller Input To Battery Voltage At Output Output Current Increases Which Is Not Observed In Case Of Conventional Charger 1 2 3

46. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation References  “Guide To Interpreting I-V Curve Measurements of PV Arrays” by Solemetric Corporation  “Power Electronics Handbook” by M.H.RASHID  “En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller” for charge controller  “What is Maximum Power Point Tracking and How does it works” by Richard A. Cullen Blue Sky Energy Inc

47. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  47 DC-DC Converters (Choppers) Buck Converters Boost Converters Buck-Boost Converters 1 2 3

48. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  48 Buck-Boost Converter

49. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  49 ON OFF States 1 Ryness Company, 2007 2 Professional Builder/HousingZone.com, 2001.

50. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  50 Duty Cycle of Switch Time For Which Switch Is ON For D=0.5, I/P Voltage= O/P Voltage 1 2

51. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  51 Conduction Modes Continuous Conduction Mode Discontinuous Conduction Mode 1 2

52. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  52 Operating Frequency High Frequency Reduction In Size And Cost Smaller Values of Components 1 2 3

53. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  53 Perturb & Observe Algorithem

54. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  54 Refrences Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices, and Applications by M.H Rashid Power Electronics Converters Applications and Design by Ned Mohan 1 2

55. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  55 Work Division Combined Study So Far Software Portion Electronic & Mechanical Portion 1 2 3

56. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Page  56 Timeline Dual Axis Solar Tracker Maximum Power Point Tracker 1 2

57. Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation Do You Have Any Questions?