1. Solar Roofing Basics AIA Presentation Ken Schulte - DERBIGUM Energies Sales Manager

2. DERBIGUM Americas, Inc. is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

3. Upon completion of this program, participants will be able to: Understand and explain how solar power is generated Recognize the different varieties of Photovoltaic panels Identify the advantages of triple junction cells Discuss various system configurations Understand economic and environmental advantages

4. Light particle (Photon) strikes PV cell Impacts PN junction in semiconductor material Knocks off two “charge carriers”, one electron(-) and one “hole”(+) Electron travels to negative electrode Hole travels to positive electrode Electron enters circuit, does “work” and travels back to Hole completing circuit and “neutralizes” charge Process repeats Photons Negative Electrode Positive Electrode PN Junction

5. Electrical Circuit Inverter Electrical Device PV Cell

6. First Type of commercial cell Invented by Bell labs in 1954 A wafer cut from a large, specially grown, cylindrical silicon crystal Highest efficiency of currently available PV Poor low-light tolerance Fragile Expensive Requires heavy frames and support structures

7. Made from multiple crystalline sources Not as dependent on “perfect” crystal growth Less Expensive than monocrystallines 2-5% less efficient than monocrystallines Extremely fragile Poor low-light tolerance Requires heavy frames and support structures

8. First generation thin-film Does not require crystalline silicon to produce Relatively inexpensive to produce and manufacture Tolerant to low-light conditions About 50% less efficient than monocrystalline Easy to incorporate into windows and skylights Glass substrate heavy and fragile Generally requires supportive framework Has historical issues with longevity/durability

9. 2 nd Generation thin-film Doesn’t require crystalline silicon to produce Easier to manufacture than 1 st generation thin-film with about the same cost Does not require any framing or support structure Low-light tolerant More efficient than 1 st Generation thin- film Much lighter than all other PV Much more rugged than other PV types Integrates easily after roofing membrane installed No history of excessive deterioration Has adhesion issues Still needs separate installation

10. The entire spectrum is not available to single junction solar cell

11. ☼ Triple Junction Top cell has large bandgap Middle cell mid eV bandgap Bottom cell small bandgap. Indium Tin Oxide p-a-Si:H Blue Cell i-a-Si:H n-a-Si:H p Green Cell i-a-SiGe:H (~15%) n p Red Cell i-a-SiGe:H (~50%) n Textured Zinc Oxide Silver Stainless Steel Substrate Silver Grid

12. ☼Absorbs light in three different spectral bands up to and including UV ☼More efficient design than single or double junction thin-film ☼Works with moderate snow cover ☼Adds only two deposition steps to manufacturing process without adding significant increase in cost or materials ☼Is currently unique in commercial PV panels

13. ☼Stand-Alone Systems - those systems which use photovoltaic's technology only, and are not connected to a utility grid. ☼Hybrid Systems - those systems which use photovoltaic's and some other form of energy, such as diesel generation or wind. ☼Grid-Tied Systems - those systems which are connected to a utility grid.

15. ☼Determine the load (energy, not power) You should think of the load as being supplied by photovoltaic system. Machinery & Appliances Consumption Reduction Make a List ☼Initial steps in the process include: Calculate the number of photovoltaic modules required Solar Irradiance Solar Radiation Peak Hours

17. ☼The BOS typically contains: Structures for mounting the PV arrays or modules Power conditioning equipment that massages and converts the do electricity to the proper form and magnitude required by an alternating current (ac) load. Sometimes also storage devices, such as batteries, for storing PV generated electricity during cloudy days and at night.

18. ☼Solar Photovoltaic Cells convert sunlight directly into electricity ☼They are sold on a $/Wp basis or $/power ☼Wp is the power in Watts for Peak sun hours -- the equivalent number of hours per day, with solar irradiance equaling 1,000 W/m 2, that gives the same energy received from sunrise to sundown. ☼To convert power to energy simply multiply by the amount of time that the cell is illuminated W * hr = 1 W-hr ☼Electricity (energy) is normally billed $/kW-hr

19. ☼One stop shop for financial incentives is www.dsireusa.org/ www.dsireusa.org/ ☼The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) is a comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and federal incentives that promote renewable energy. ☼Lists includes: Corporate Tax Incentives Direct Equipment Sales Grant Programs Leasing/Lease Purchase Programs Loan Programs Personal Income Tax Incentives Production Incentives Property Tax Incentives Rebate Programs Sales Tax Incentives

20. NanoMarkets, LC – Market Report July 2008

22. ☼During use - PV produce no : atmospheric emissions radioactive waste ☼During use PV produce no greenhouse gases so it will help offset CO 2 emissions and global climate destabilization PV does have an embodied energy and embodied CO 2 emissions ☼PV curtails air pollution, which produces acid rain, soil damage, and human respiratory ailments.

23. A 4 kWp solar energy array would prevent: 2.4 tons of coal from being burned 6.2 tons of CO 2 = decreasing the greenhouse effect over 3,600 gallons of water from being used ~34 pounds each of NO x and SO 2 from polluting the atmosphere 1.8 pounds of particulates from causing a health hazard (and no nuclear waste) EACH YEAR - FOR 20+ YEARS!

24. 100 miles by 100 miles in Nevada would provide the equivalent of the entire US electrical demand Distributed (to sites with less sun) it would take less than 25% of the area covered by US roads.

25. THANK YOU for your time and attention. This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program Contact DERBIGUM at (800) 727-9872 info@DERBIGUM.com, info@DERBIGUM.com www.DERBIGUM.com