2. Jozef Goetz, 2012 1 1 My Lecture Notes: Have a tutorial value: the student should be able to learn from slides, Comply with research-based principles for design Power Point presentation Concepts are presented visually with many diagrams and pictures. They use visual aids (diagrams, pictures etc.) and pictures are presented near each other on the page or screen. The context is presented in the hierarchical way, details are indented Important key words are highlighted or written in different color

3. Jozef Goetz, 2012 2 expanded by Jozef Goetz, 2011 Credits: Parts of the slides are based on slides created by textbook authors, Syed M. Sarwar, Robert Koretsky, Syed A. Sarwar

4. Jozef Goetz, 2012 3 Objectives To explain what an operating system is To describe briefly operating system services To describe character and graphical user interfaces - GUI To discuss different types of operating systems To briefly describe the LINUX operating system To describe briefly the history of the LINUX operating system To provide an overview of the different types of LINUX systems

5. Jozef Goetz, 2012 4 What is an Operating System? Primary purpose is to facilitate: Easy, efficient, fair, orderly and secure use of hardware and software resources. Allows users to employ application software, language libraries, system calls and program generation tools. Two ways of viewing an operating system: Top-down – user view E.g., The OS performs the task of dealing with complicated hardware resources and gives you a comprehensive and simple machine, ready to use. In this way the OS provides a virtual machine Bottom up – system view E.g., the OS decides how much space how much RAM space is to be allocated to a program before it is loaded and executed, use commands such as cp memo myLetters In this was the OS can be viewed as a resource manager.

6. Jozef Goetz, 2012 5 Layered View of a Computer System App. User’s Interface App. Programmer's Interface

7. Jozef Goetz, 2012 6 Operating System Services 1. Communication between processes Process control Create, terminate processes Allocate and free memory 2. Execution of a program 3. Input and output operations performed by programs Device management 4. Manipulation of all types of files File management 5. Management of users and security 6. Error detection and reporting

8. Jozef Goetz, 2012 7 Character Versus Graphical User Interface. Character (Command Line) User Interface – CUI or CLI Input device (e.g., Keyboard is used to issue a command) Efficient A minimal layer of software is needed between you and your task on computer

9. Jozef Goetz, 2012 8 Character Versus Graphical User Interface. Graphical User Interface - GUI Input is taken from a point-and-click device. Most popular desktop environments GNU (pronounced / ˈɡ nu ː /) is a Unix-like computer operating system developed by the GNU project, ultimately aiming to be a "complete Unix- compatible software system“ composed wholly of free software./ ˈɡ nu ː /Unix-likeoperating systemGNU projectfree software The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users. GNU was founded by Richard StallmanRichard Stallman GNU - A set of programs written by the Free Software Foundation to provide a Free UNIX framework. GNU is a large component of a Linux distribution. Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel called Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as “Linux”, they are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems.GNU/Linux systems GNU Network Object Model Environment – GNOME K Desktop Environment - KDE

10. Jozef Goetz, 2012 9 Types of Operating Systems 1. Single-user, single-process system (e.g. DOS) 2. Single-user, multiprocess system 3. Multiuser, multiprocess system 1. The CPU can be moved from one process to another process - multiprogramming 2. multiprocess system increases resource utilization and system throughput 4. Time-sharing systems - Multiuser, multiprocess and interactive operating system OS 1. The CPU is switched from one process to another giving the impression of sole use of the system

11. Jozef Goetz, 2012 10 The Development of the UNIX Operating System Research Operating System UNIX Version 1 through UNIX Version 6 Developed and Written in C Releases distributed as C Source Code The design of the system allowed users to run multiple processes concurrently and to connect these processes with streams. AT& T System V Released in 1983 Berkley Software Distributions 3BSD and 4BSD The History of Shells Bourne Shell, C Shell, Korn Shell. Current and Future Developments - UNIX

12. Jozef Goetz, 2012 11

13. Jozef Goetz, 2012 12 Web Resources

14. Jozef Goetz, 2012 13 What is Linux? Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds ’91 with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net.

15. Jozef Goetz, 2012 14 Table 2.1 Web Resources (continued on next slide) http://www.linuxbase.org/

16. Jozef Goetz, 2012 15 Table 2.1 Web Resources (continued from previous slide)

17. Jozef Goetz, 2012 16 Table 2.2 Major LINUX Distributions Top Ten Distributions as of 11/10/11: http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major - #1 Ubuntu http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major The most popular brand of GNU/Linux for newbies is Ubuntu on desktops and notebooks and Android for smart-thingies. Ubuntu really makes an effort to produce a system easy for newbies. Once you are comfortable with GNU/Linux in Ubuntu, Ii is recommended Debian GNU/Linux because it gives much more control over the system. The primary form, Debian GNU/Linux, which uses the Linux kernel and GNU OS tools,is a popular and influential GNU/Linux distributionLinux kernelGNU Android is a quite different GUI placed on top of GNU/Linux designed specifically for smart-thingies. One of the the best OS for smart-thingies because of the huge number of applications you can get for it.

18. Jozef Goetz, 2012 17 The 5 most popular Linux distributions as of 08/26/2012 From the bottom up we find http://www.zdnet.com/the-5-most-popular-linux-distributions-7000003183/: http://www.zdnet.com/the-5-most-popular-linux-distributions-7000003183/ 5: Debian: I've never been a big Debian fan -- I much prefer Debian-based distributions such as Ubuntu and Mepis -- but lots of other people are. Debian, which just turned 19, remains important not just because it is the foundation for many other Linux distributions, but because year after year it continues to be loved by its users.Debian:Mepiswhich just turned 19 4: Fedora: But while Debian isn't one of my favorites, I confess I really haven't cared for Fedora, Red Hat's community Linux distribution, in recent years. Well, it's not so much Fedora, it's the fact that it uses GNOME 3.x -- the desktop interface I love to hate.Fedora:Red Hatit's the fact that it uses GNOME 3.x Regardless of how I feel about it though, Fedora clearly has its fans. And, if you work on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) development, it's a really wise idea to keep a copy of Fedora on hand so you can see RHEL's future.Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 3: Ubuntu: What's that you say? Ubuntu: the darling of so many Linux fans only in third place? Yep. It's in third. Why? Well even though I like its relatively new Unity interface, a lot of other people really don't. I think that mostly it's because while Unity is great for new users who aren't especially computer savvy, a lot of Linux professionals find it gets in the way -- and, of course, experienced old Linux hands are exactly the kind of people who visit DistroWatch.Ubuntu:I like its relatively new Unity interfacereally don'tUnity is great for new users That said, Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth thinks the operating system will see 20 million new PCs sold with Ubuntu in 2012, and that's not counting people who install it. Those people will also largely be new computer users. If Ubuntu can get most of the new users coming to Linux, I think they'll be happy even if they're no longer as popular with old-guard Linux desktop users.20 million new PCs sold with Ubuntu 2: Mageia: And, number two is, "who?" I can hear some of you asking. Mageia is a September 2010 fork of Mandriva Linux, a commercial Linux distribution, which was once quite popular in its own right. In 2006, Mandriva suffered management and financial problems. Since then, while the firm has continued to have problems, Mageia -- freed of Mandrivia's business woes -- has continued on to become a wildly popular Linux distribution.Mageia:Mageia is a September 2010 forkMandriva LinuxMandriva suffered management and financial problemsfirm has continued to have problems And why is Mageia so popular? I think it's because it's a straightforward easy-to-use Linux distribution. Unlike Ubuntu's Unity user interface, Mageia uses the Linux pro friendly KDE 4.8 desktop. In short, it's just a darn good KDE distribution -- which, by the way -- according to LinuxQuestions' last survey, is now the single most popular desktop interface of all. 1: Mint Linux: This should come as no surprise. Mint is an excellent distribution and my own personal favorite. Users have enjoyed and loved using it ever since Ubuntu started down the Unity path.Mint Linux:Mint is an excellent distribution What Mint has going for it is an outstanding desktop interface of its own, Cinnamon, which is very remindful of the classic GNOME 2.x interface. Add to that outstanding software and hardware support, there's little question as to why Mint still appears to be the most desktop popular Linux of all.CinnamonMint still appears to be the most desktop popular Linux of all

19. Jozef Goetz, 2012 18 Distribution of Linux If you're new to Linux, you don't want to download the kernel - a component in a working Linux system. Instead, you want what is called a distribution of Linux, which is a complete Linux system there are over 250 varieties of LINUX There are numerous distributions available for download on the Internet as well as for purchase from various vendors http://www.linuxiso.org/http://www.linuxiso.org/ some are general-purpose, and some are optimized for specific uses. mirrors of several distributions available at mirrors.kernel.org mirrors.kernel.org To install Linux visit http://www.linux.org/docs/beginner/install.html http://www.linux.org/docs/beginner/install.html

20. Jozef Goetz, 2012 19 Linux growth http://www.linuxdevices.com/http://www.linuxdevices.com/ - Linux related articles http://www.apache.com/http://www.apache.com/ - Apache’s projects Web site http://www.gnu.orghttp://www.gnu.org - GNU website IBM is the Linux market leader - 30% share vs. HP at 26% and vs. Dell at 15% - Took market share from both HP and Dell in Linux x86 revenue in 2004 (surpassing Dell for the first time) http://www.netmarketshare.com/os-market-share.aspx?qprid=9 !!! http://www.netmarketshare.com/os-market-share.aspx?qprid=9 http://www.netmarket share.com/operating-system-market- share.aspx?qprid=10 !!!! - OS market share http://www.netmarket share.com/operating-system-market- share.aspx?qprid=10

21. Jozef Goetz, 2012 20 Linux growth Linux in 2005 New 2.6 kernel addresses both scalability and linear performance issues Linux 3.1 (stable) as of 10/23/2011 http://linux.softpedia.com/progChangelog/Linux-Kernel-Stable-Changelog-1960.html - what’s new http://linux.softpedia.com/progChangelog/Linux-Kernel-Stable-Changelog-1960.html Linux stable kernels 3.0.43, 3.4.11, and 3.5.4 as of 14 Sep 2012

22. Jozef Goetz, 2012 21 Linux growth Reliability remains outstanding - Note: reliability is highly dependent on systems manufacturer Availability/failover extensions can now be readily found failover - the transfer of operation from a failed component (e.g., controller, disk drive) to a similar, redundant component to ensure uninterrupted data flow and operability LINUX can be received: - From Linux suppliers such as Red Hat, Novell (SuSE), or other United Linux suppliers - From traditional hardware/software vendors such as Oracle, IBM and HP HP offers open source and Linux solutions for the largest enterprises to small and medium businesses. - From point product failover software makers - From grid suppliers (in the form of distributed resource management software)

23. Jozef Goetz, 2012 22 Linux growth Linux is, today, a solid enterprise-class environment with a rich infrastructure ecosystem Needs improvement in packaged applications support value Linux over Windows in terms of security, low cost, and reliability.” Red Hat Enterprise Linux is the leading platform for open source computing. It is sold by subscription, delivers continuous value and is certified by top enterprise hardware and software vendors. From the desktop to the datacenter, Enterprise Linux couples the innovation of open source technology and the stability of a true enterprise-class platform. The Fedora Project (2002-2005) is a Red Hat sponsored and community-supported open source project with the goal of working with the Linux community to build a complete, general purpose OS exclusively from free software.

24. Jozef Goetz, 2012 23 Linux growth UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook, 4e (Nemeth et al ISBN 0131480057) has long been hailed as the all-in-one reference for UNIX and Linux system administration. The book goes beyond the "what" and "how" to explain the "why" of system administration. This edition adds extensive new coverage reflecting the realities of today's IT environments, and anticipates tomorrow's. The book has been thoroughly updated to cover today's leading Linux and Unix platforms, including modern versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, openSUSE, and Ubuntu; Solaris and OpenSolaris 11; HP- UX 11i v3, and even AIX 6.1.

25. Jozef Goetz, 2012 24 LINUX http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux: It is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers:more than 90% of today's 500 fastest supercomputers run some variant of Linux, including the 10 fastest.serversbig iron mainframe computers supercomputers 500 fastest supercomputers