1. Chapter 14 The Civil War Essential Questions What conditions in the US led to the Civil War? Why did Texas choose to join the Confederate States of America? How did the Civil War and Reconstruction effect Texas?

2. A Nation Divided
By 1860, nation was divided and many southern states were threatening to secede from Union
Both sides were willing to fight for what they believed in…war was looming
Republican Party: formed in 1854
goal to stop western spread of slavery
Rep party members thought slavery counter to democracy and American ideals
Also wanted to end slavery in states where slavery already existed
Supported economic change and a higher tariff
Tariff: tax placed on imported or exported goods
Tariff would help American industry in North by raising prices on competing imports

3. A Nation Divided, cont
Most Texans were Democrats and were opposed to new Republican Party
Thought that Republican tariff would destroy southern economy because it depended on foreign trade and slave labor
Democrats wanted to prevent Republicans from gaining control of US government
Debate between Dem/Rep lead to arguments over state’s rights
Many in south didn’t think federal govt should have power to decide whether a state could have slavery or not
Also, they thought each state should have right to withdraw from Union if citizens voted to
Northern states disagreed and said that federal laws applied to all states and states could not legally separate from Union
These topics were strongly debated in Presidential Election of 1860

4. Presidential Election of 1860
Democratic Party held convention on Charleston, SC to select Dem candidate…even within the party, they couldn’t agree on issue of slavery
As a result, most southern delegates (including Texas) left convention on protest
Remaining Democrats met in Baltimore, MD and selected Stephen A. Douglas (IL) as candidate for President
Democratic delegates who left Charleston, selected current VP John Breckinridge as candidate
Republican Party met in Chicago, IL and nominated Abraham Lincoln as their candidate

5. Presidential Election, cont
Split in Democratic Party, gave Republican Party better chance to win
Southern states threatened to secede from the union if Republican candidate won
To prevent this, a new party was formed
Constitutional Union Party
selected John Bell of Tennessee as their candidate.
Goal was to keep any of the 4 candidates from getting enough votes to win. Then, House of Representatives would have to choose new president
Texas Governor Sam Houston wanted to keep Union together
He wanted to be the Constitutional Union Party Candidate…
He didn’t get nomination but he fought hard to keep Texas in Union…didn’t want war at all

6. Presidential Election, cont
Texans voted for Breckinridge, then Bell, then Douglas (only 410 votes)
Lincoln didn’t receive any votes in Texas. His name wasn’t even on ballot
But, Lincoln received most Northern votes and won the election
He became the 16th president of the US

7. Reaction to Lincoln’s Election
Soon after Lincoln was elected, SC seceded from Union
Then, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana seceded from Union
They joined together as the Confederate States of America
Many Texans wanted to secede, too
They wanted a convention to vote on issue but Gov Sam Houston ignored request
Other leaders formed the convention anyway and the delegates who would vote were elected

8. The Secession Convention in Texas
Jan. 28, 1861: delegates met in Austin
Elected Judge Oran M. Roberts of Texas Supreme Court as leader
Meeting was very tense but outcome was clear…they met to vote to secede
They voted to adopt an Ordinance of Secession
Ordinance: an official order

9. Secession Convention, cont
Feb. 23, 1861: Texas citizens voted to approve the ordinance
Some counties voted against the ordinance
mostly where the German immigrants lived, some counties along Red River and in Angelina County (East Texas)
The Texas Constitution of 1845 was changed to reflect Texas’ vote
Revised constitution changed United States of America to
Confederate States of America
New constitution defended state’s rights and slavery
Stated that freeing slaves was illegal
On March 2, 1861: Texas became 7th state to secede from Union

10. Texas Secession Vote Map, 1861

11. Governor Houston’s Response
Sam Houston couldn’t prevent secession
He wanted Texas to remain independent and not join Confederacy but that didn’t happen
Texas was immediately accepted into the Confederacy
During process of secession, Lincoln offered Houston federal troops to forcefully keep Texas in the Union
Houston refused use of the troops
He had fought for Texas and refused to fight against it
The troops remained in Texas even though Houston refused to use them
Dealing with the troops became first goal of new Confederate State of Texas

12. Governor Houston’s Response, cont
All Texas government officials had to take oath of office to the Confederacy but Sam Houston refused to take the oath
When his name was called 3 times to take the oath, he sat silently and office of Governor of Texas was declared vacant
Lieutenant Gov Edward Clark became the first ad interim governor of Confederate Texas
After he was removed from office, he left Austin and went to Galveston for awhile.
Then he went to Huntsville to his “steamboat house” (see p. 307) He died there on July 3, 1863 (70 yrs old)

13. Edward Clark John Breckinridge John Bell
John Bell

14. Abraham Lincoln

15. Sam Houston http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ccs06

16. Organizing the Confederacy
Francis R. Lubbock: Texas’ first Confederate governor
Confederate President: Jefferson Davis
2700 Federal troops still stationed in Texas…were asked to leave
Confederate Brigadier General Ben McCulloch had to force federal soldiers out of Texas…done peacefully

17. Organizing the Confederacy, con’t
All 11 Confederate States demanded that Union surrender all federal property in their states
Many forts taken peacefully…good for Confederate states because they got the supplies that were in forts
Union troops refused to leave Fort Sumter, in Charleston, SC.
Fighting broke out
Civil War began in Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861

18. Military Strength of Texas
About 60,000-70,000 Texas volunteers fought in Civil War
Hood’s Texas Brigade: sent to Virginia to fight; named after their commander, John Bell Hood
Confederate General Robert E. Lee respected their courage and military ability; called them “my Texans”
Terry’s Texas Rangers: commanded by General Benjamin “Frank” Terry
Ross’s Brigade: commanded by General Lawrence “Sul” Ross
Texans fought in the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, and the Army of the Trans-Mississippi

19. Sending More Troops to Fight
Texas had no more men who volunteered to fight so Texas started a draft:
Draft: the enlisting of persons for required service in the armed forces
The draft made people mad
Didn’t want to fight in war
Exceptions: if owned more than 20 slaves didn’t fight
Draft threatened cotton production
John Bankhead Magruder: commanded Texas troops during Civil War

20. Military Affairs in Texas
During the Civil War, Texans expected Confederate soldiers to guard frontier
But they couldn’t…too busy fighting
Texans had to defend against Native Americans
No major battles were fought in Texas
During Civil War, most fighting in Texas was centered on keeping Gulf Coast ports open
Texas called “Storehouse of the Confederacy”: supplied food, weapons, and supplies for Confederacy

21. Military Affairs, cont
John R. Baylor: led troops into NM to claim as part of Confederacy
General H. H. Sibley: led more Confederate troops into NM. Defeated Union at Valverde but lost at Battle of Glorieta. So, NM became Union again
Battle of Galveston Island: Pres Lincoln ordered a blockade:
Blockade: action to stop transportation of goods or people into or out of an area

22. Civil War Battles In or Near Texas

23. Battle of Galveston Island
Supplies were shipped in and out of Galveston Bay
Because of the blockade, Union troops captured the island…wanted to use it as a base to guard Gulf of Mexico
Texas General John B. Magruder launched attack to retake island on Jan 1, 1863
One group of Confederate soldiers sailed into Galveston Harbor on Cottonclads: flat bottom boats lined with bales of cotton to protect soldiers from bullets
Another group of Confederate soldiers crossed railroad bridge from mainland
Confederate forces took over Galveston Island and remained in control till end of Civil War

24. Other Military Campaigns
Battle of Sabine Pass: Sept 8, 1863
Sabine Pass is narrow channel along border of Louisiana
Union General Banks planned to move Union troops by ship up channel and then march north to cut of TX railroad connection to Louisiana
But, Confederate Lieutenant Dick Dowling stationed his soldiers along channel
When Banks’ ships entered channel, Confederate troops fired on them and sank 2 ships. No other Union ships tried to get through
Confederacy won that battle

25. Other Military Campaigns, cont
Union Gen Banks tried to get into Texas again by sending troops up Mississippi River and then up Red River…he wanted to take over North Texas
But, many Confederate soldiers met Union forces in Mansfield, LA (25 miles east of TX border)
Smaller Confederate forces (led by General Richard Taylor) defeated Union forces and forced them to retreat
Texas was safe from invasion

26. Other Military Campaigns, con’t
Battle of Sabine Pass, con’t
Confederate forces under command of John “Rip” Ford and Santos Benavides took over area on July 30, 1864
On May 13, 1865, Union forces fought Confederate troops in a land battle at Palmito Ranch. Confederates won battle but war was actually already over
General Robert E. Lee had already surrendered by the time the Battle at Palmito Ranch was fought

27. Other Military Campaigns, con’t
Battle of Dove Creek:
Jan 8, 1865
600 Kickapoos were migrating from Kansas to Mexico
160 Confederate soldiers thought they were Comanches and Kiowas
22 Confederate soldiers killed 14 Indians

28. Other Military Campaigns, cont
Battle at Palmito Ranch:
last land battle of Civil War
fought at Palmito Ranch in South Texas near Brownsville…on May 12, 1865
Union blockade of southern ports forced Confederate troops to find another way to get cotton out and supplies in
Cotton transported through Brownsville to Mexican port of Matamoros. Then it was loaded on ships for Europe…not affected by blockade
But, in Nov, 1863, Union forces took over Brownsville to try to enforce the blockade

29. Facts Civil War started: April 12, 1861 Confederate (South)
President: Jefferson Davis
General in Charge: Robert E. Lee
Union (North/US)
President: Abraham Lincoln
General in Charge: Ulysses S. Grant
Civil War ended: April 9, 1865
Pres Lincoln Assassinated : April 14, 1865
11 Confederate States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia

30. Terry’s Texas Rangers Benjamin Frank Terry Terry’s Brigade Sul Ross
Benjamin Frank Terry
Terry’s Brigade
Sul Ross

31. The Effects of War Read: A Real Life Story p. 315
Read: Women in Combat p. 315
Because no major battles were fought in Texas, land didn’t suffer as much damage as other southern states
But, many Texans fought in the war…left behind families, homes, job…more work left to do for those left behind

32. The Effects of War, cont Problems after the war:
Tensions between those who supported Confederacy and those who supported Union
Union blockades reduced sale of farm products (cotton) and the economy suffered
Supplies in Texas were scarce

33. Union Supporters in Texas
Most supported Confederacy but about ¼ were against secession…remained loyal to Union during Civil War
North Texas: in 1862, Texans who opposed Confederate draft formed a secret society called the Peace Party
Confederate supporters thought Peace Party would help Union defeat Confederacy
Some vigilantes took matters into their own hands by hanging 40 members of the Peace Party at Gainesville to stop support of Union
Vigilantes: people who punished criminals or took control without authority to do so

34. Union Supporters, cont
German Texans: some supported Union/opposed slavery and some supported slavery…depended on where they lived…some fought for Confederacy
Opposition to Confederate Draft caused some German Texans to organize a Union Loyal League to serve in Union army
Led by Major Fritz Tegner, left Texas to join Union army
But, some Confederate soldiers led by Lieutenant CD McRae followed them

35. Union Supporters, con’t
McRae’s men caught up with German Texans at Nueces River…they fought in the Battle of the Nueces
Many Union German Texans died or were executed
Some survivors reached
Union troops in New Orleans
A monument was built in
Comfort, TX to honor
the Germans & one
Mexican American
who died fighting for Union

36. Wartime Economy
During War, Texans still grew cotton and raised cattle but the agriculture was greatly affected
By blockades…ports for shipping closed
Union victories along Mississippi River closed land routes
Texans couldn’t sell cotton
Farmers started growing more wheat and corn instead of cotton

37. Wartime Economy, cont Women took over men’s jobs
Stores, post offices, farms, plantations, ranches, teachers, doctors, factories
Weapons factory in Austin and Tyler…made 800 weapons/month
Iron furnaces opened in East Texas
Prisoners in Huntsville made clothes
Women made bandages and clothes for soldiers
Sent boxes filled with food and supplies to troops

38. Wartime Economy, cont
Because Union blockades kept goods from entering or leaving Confederate states, people couldn’t sell as much so weren’t making as much money
But, expenses were going up…taxes went up to support war
Confederate money lost value
See Linking History to Economics about prices: p. 318

39. Home Front Hardships
Because of blockades, many items were in short supply
Clothes, shoes
Medicines and hospital supplies…they were sent to battlefield instead of towns
Paper…some newspapers stopped publishing
People got creative: brewed acorns or corn to drink instead of coffee; used honey instead of sugar, herbs instead of medicine

40. Refugees
During war, thousands of slaves were sent to Texas from other states
Slave owners hoped that would prevent them from running away or being taken away
Many slave owners came to Texas with their slaves…not happy to be there
Read Texas voices p. 318 about Kate Stone

41. The War’s End
April 9, 1865: Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. This ended war the Civil War
Some fighting still continued, though, as it took time for word to spread that war was over
June 2, 1865: Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith signed official surrender of Trans-Mississippi area which included Texas…2 months after Lee surrendered
Soldiers went home to families
Much of the old Southern Way of life had ended
Much uncertainty…nobody knew what to expect next