1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Periods of Prenatal Development Period and LengthKey Events Zygote (2 weeks)  Fertilization  Implantation  Start of placenta Embryo (6 weeks)  Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs Fetus (30 weeks)  “Growth and finishing” phase

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1 (From Before We Are Born, 6th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Third month:  organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected  lungs begin to expand and contract  Second trimester:  many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks  most of the brain’s neurons are in place  Third trimester:  age of viability: 22–26 weeks  fetus takes on beginnings of personality Period of the Fetus

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2 (Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 313. Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Harm done by teratogens is affected by:  dose  heredity  age  other negative influences Teratogens © Phil McDonald/Shutterstock

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Drugs:  prescription  nonprescription  illegal  Tobacco  Alcohol  Radiation  Environmental pollution  Infectious disease Teratogenic Substances © Minerva Studio/Fotolia

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Nutrition  Emotional stress  Rh factor incompatibility  Age  Lack of prenatal health care Other Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development © Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Monitor general health:  weight gain  capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus  growth of the fetus  Treat complications:  diabetes  preeclampsia Importance of Prenatal Care © Poznyakov/Shutterstock

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Dilation and effacement of the cervix  Delivery of the baby  Delivery of the placenta Stages of Childbirth © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Stages of Labor Figure 3.4

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk High levels of stress hormones  help baby withstand oxygen deprivation  prepare baby to breathe  arouse infant into alertness The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery © nattanan726/Shutterstock

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk The Apgar Scale Table 3.2 (Source: Apgar, 1953.)

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Classes  Relaxation and breathing techniques  Labor coach: friend, relative, or trained doula Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth © KAMONRAT/Shutterstock

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Anoxia (oxygen deprivation)  Breech position Birth Complications © giorgiomtb/Shutterstock

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Fetal monitoring  Labor and delivery medication  analgesics  anesthetics  Cesarean delivery Medical Interventions in Childbirth © ARZTSAMUI/Shutterstock

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Preterm  Born several weeks or more before their due date  Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date  May be either preterm or full-term  Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants

18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Temperature-controlled isolette  Special stimulation:  gentle rocking  visual or auditory stimulation  touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care  Parent training in infant caregiving Interventions for Preterm Infants © Damon Yancy/Shutterstock

19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations Figure 3.5 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.)

20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Rooting  Sucking  Moro  Stepping Newborn Reflexes © philipus/Fotalia

21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep  Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep  Drowsiness  Quiet alertness  Waking activity and crying Infant States of Arousal © Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock

22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Hold on shoulder, rock or walk  Swaddle  Offer pacifier  Massage baby’s body  Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds  Combine methods Soothing a Crying Baby © Jo Tunney/Shutterstock

23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Sensitive to touch  around mouth  on palms and soles of feet  Use touch to investigate their world  Severe pain  overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones  can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch Newborn Sense of Touch © Eleonora_os/Shutterstock

24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Infants  have a preference for sweet tastes at birth  can readily learn to like new tastes  have odor preferences at birth  can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell

25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Newborns  can hear a wide variety of sounds  prefer complex sounds to pure tones  can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old  listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds  can detect the sounds of any human language Newborn Sense of Hearing

26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Least developed sense at birth  Limited visual acuity  Actively explore environment:  scan for interesting sights  track moving objects  Not yet good at discriminating colors © Saylakham/Shutterstock Newborn Sense of Vision

27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Hormones that facilitate caregiving:  oxytocin  prolactin  estrogens  Hormonal effects may depend on experience  Challenges of early weeks:  new roles  changed schedule © ClickPop/Shutterstock New Family Adjustment

28. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.