1. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Biology of Mind and Behavior: The Brain in Action

2. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Neuron The basic unit of the nervous system The basic unit of the nervous system Receives signals from neurons or sense organs Receives signals from neurons or sense organs Processes signals Processes signals Sends signals to other neurons, muscles, or organs Sends signals to other neurons, muscles, or organs The brain contains 100 billion neurons The brain contains 100 billion neurons

3. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Neuron Sensory neuron Sensory neuron Motor neuron Motor neuron Interneuron Interneuron Brain circuit: A set of neurons that affect one another Brain circuit: A set of neurons that affect one another

4. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Neuron: Structure

5. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Neural Impulses Resting potential Resting potential More positively charged ions outside than inside More positively charged ions outside than inside Action potential: “Firing” Action potential: “Firing” Threshold exceeded Threshold exceeded Flow of ions through channels in membrane Flow of ions through channels in membrane All-or-none law All-or-none law Myelin Myelin Acts as an insulator Acts as an insulator Allows signal to travel more efficiently Allows signal to travel more efficiently Multiple sclerosis (MS): deteriorated myelin Multiple sclerosis (MS): deteriorated myelin

6. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Demo: How Fast Are Neurons?

7. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Complexity of the Brain Is the brain the single most complex object in the universe? Is the brain the single most complex object in the universe? 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neurons 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neurons Average of 10,000 connections for each neuron Average of 10,000 connections for each neuron 10,000,000,000,000 (10 trillion) neural connections! 10,000,000,000,000 (10 trillion) neural connections!

8. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Synapse Synapse Synaptic cleft Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter Neuromodulator Neuromodulator Reuptake Reuptake Vesicles Vesicles Excitatory Excitatory Inhibitory Inhibitory

9. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Drugs and the Brain Endogenous cannabinoids Endogenous cannabinoids Cannabinoid receptors Cannabinoid receptors Agonist Agonist Antagonist Antagonist Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil block the reuptake of serotonin Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil block the reuptake of serotonin

10. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Glial Cells Glial cell Glial cell 10 times more glial cells than neurons! 10 times more glial cells than neurons! Traditional view Traditional view Fills the gaps between neurons Fills the gaps between neurons Supports and feeds neurons Supports and feeds neurons Cleans up dead neurons and extra neurotransmitters Cleans up dead neurons and extra neurotransmitters Emerging view Emerging view Alters how much neurotransmitter is released Alters how much neurotransmitter is released Prods neurons to form new synapses Prods neurons to form new synapses Involved in the perception of pain Involved in the perception of pain

11. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Motor Output Sensory Input Motor Output

12. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Sympathetic Emergency preparedness Emergency preparedness Fight-or-flight Fight-or-flight Increased arousal Increased arousal Parasympathetic Parasympathetic Decreased arousal Decreased arousal The Sensory-Somatic Nervous System The Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Input-output connections Input-output connections Cranial nerves Cranial nerves Skeletal system Skeletal system

13. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Central Nervous System Brain Brain Spinal cord Spinal cord Reflex Reflex

14. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Brain: Structures Meninges Meninges Cerebral hemisphere Cerebral hemisphere Lobes Lobes Corpus callosum Corpus callosum Cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex Sulci/sulcus Sulci/sulcus Gyri/gyrus Gyri/gyrus Ventricles Ventricles

15. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Brain: Lobes Occipital lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Temporal lobes Parietal lobes Parietal lobes Frontal lobes Frontal lobes Sulci Sulci Central sulcus Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Lateral sulcus

16. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Occipital Lobes At the back of the head At the back of the head Functions include Functions include Visual processing Visual processing Seeing stars? Seeing stars?

17. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Temporal Lobes In front of the ears In front of the ears Functions include Functions include Language comprehension Language comprehension Sound processing Sound processing "Entering new information in memory" "Entering new information in memory" "Storing visual memories" "Storing visual memories"

18. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Parietal Lobes Top, rear of the brain Top, rear of the brain Functions include Functions include Attention Attention Spatial location Spatial location Somatosensory processing Somatosensory processing Unilateral visual neglect Unilateral visual neglect

19. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Frontal Lobes Front of the brain Front of the brain Functions include Functions include Planning Planning Memory search Memory search Motor processing Motor processing Reasoning Reasoning Phineas Gage Phineas Gage

20. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The “Strips”

21. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Split-Brain Research and the Hemispheric Interpreter

22. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Subcortical Brain Areas

23. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Subcortical Brain Areas Thalamus: Crossroads Thalamus: Crossroads Hypothalamus: Thermostat Hypothalamus: Thermostat Hippocampus: Remember Hippocampus: Remember Amygdala: Inner feelings Amygdala: Inner feelings Basal ganglia: More than habit-forming Basal ganglia: More than habit-forming Brainstem: Wakeup call Brainstem: Wakeup call Cerebellum: Walking tall Cerebellum: Walking tall

24. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Neuroendocrine System

25. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Probing the Brain Detecting electrical activity Detecting electrical activity Electroencephalograph (EEG) Electroencephalograph (EEG) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Single-cell recording Single-cell recording Visualizing structure Visualizing structure Computer-assisted tomography (CT scan) Computer-assisted tomography (CT scan) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Visualizing function Visualizing function Positron emission tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography (PET) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

26. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Observing the Brain Brain damage Brain damage Lesion Lesion Stroke Stroke Stimulating the brain Stimulating the brain Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

27. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Genes and the Brain Mendelian inheritance Mendelian inheritance Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Gene Gene Genotype Genotype Phenotype Phenotype Complex inheritance Complex inheritance

28. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Genes and the Brain Mutations Mutations Knockout mice Knockout mice Knockin mice Knockin mice The environment matters The environment matters Pruning Pruning Plasticity Plasticity

29. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Genes as Blueprints Genes and environment: A single system Genes and environment: A single system Genes and environment: A two-way street Genes and environment: A two-way street Passive interaction Passive interaction Evocative (or reactive) interaction Evocative (or reactive) interaction Active interaction Active interaction

30. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Behavioral Genetics Heritability, not inheritability Heritability, not inheritability Twin studies Twin studies Monozygotic (identical) Monozygotic (identical) Dizygotic (fraternal) Dizygotic (fraternal) Adoption studies Adoption studies

31. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Evolution and the Brain Evolution Evolution Natural selection Natural selection Adaptation Adaptation Reproduction of the fittest Reproduction of the fittest