1. September 2, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 7 Key Issue 2 Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities?

2. September 2, 2015S. Mathews2 Nationality The identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. It comes from the Latin word nasci, which means “to have been born.”

3. September 2, 2015S. Mathews3 Ethnicity vs. Nationality  People of the same ethnicity share religion, language, and material culture.  In the U.S., nationality is generally kept reasonably distinct from ethnicity and race in common usage.

4. September 2, 2015S. Mathews4 Ethnicity Groups identified by distinct ancestry and cultural traditions.

5. September 2, 2015S. Mathews5 The Quebecois In Canada  French Canadians, or Quebecois, share language, religion, and other cultural traditions that are distinctly different from the Anglo-Canadians.  The Quebecois form a distinct ethnicity within the Canadian nationality or a second nationality.

6. September 2, 2015S. Mathews6 Rise of Nationalities  Descendants of 19 th century immigrants to the U.S. from Central and Eastern Europe identify themselves by ethnicity rather than by nationality.  U.S. officials recorded the nationality of immigrants, but immigrants considered ethnicity more important.

7. September 2, 2015S. Mathews7 The U.S. forged a nation out of a collection of ethnic groups.

8. September 2, 2015S. Mathews8 To be an American meant believing in the "unalienable rights" of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

9. September 2, 2015S. Mathews9 Self Determination The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

10. September 2, 2015S. Mathews10 During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, political leaders have attempted to organize Earth’s surface into a collection of nation- states.

11. September 2, 2015S. Mathews11 Nation-State A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

12. September 2, 2015S. Mathews12 The territory of a state rarely corresponds precisely to the territory occupied by an ethnicity.

13. September 2, 2015S. Mathews13 Nation-States in Europe  During the 19 th century, ethnicities were transformed into nationalities throughout Europe  Most of Western Europe was made up of nation-states by 1900.  Following World War I, many European boundaries were redrawn according to the principle of nation-states.

14. September 2, 2015S. Mathews14 During the 1930s, Nazi Germany claimed that all German-speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and should be unified into one state.

15. September 2, 2015S. Mathews15 Denmark: No Perfect Nation-States  The territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of Denmark.  The southern boundary with Germany does not divide Danish and German nationalities precisely.

16. September 2, 2015S. Mathews16 Denmark’s Territories Denmark controls two territories in the Atlantic Ocean that do not share Danish cultural characteristics-the Faeroe Islands and Greenland.

17. September 2, 2015S. Mathews17 Greenland  Denmark controls Greenland, which is the world’s largest island.  Only 13% are considered Danish.  In 1979 Greenlanders received more authority to control their own domestic affairs.  One decision was to change all place names in Greenland from Danish to the local Inuit language.

18. September 2, 2015S. Mathews18 Greenland’s new name is Kalaallit Nunaat.

19. September 2, 2015S. Mathews19 Nationalism The loyalty and devotion to a nationality.

20. September 2, 2015S. Mathews20 Nationalism  A nationality must hold the loyalty of its citizens to survive.  Nationalism typically promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others.  Mass media is the most effective means of fostering nationalism.

21. September 2, 2015S. Mathews21 Most countries regard an independent source of news as more of a risk than a benefit to the stability of their government.

22. September 2, 2015S. Mathews22 States foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the nation-state, such as… Flags and Songs

23. September 2, 2015S. Mathews23 Centripetal Force An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. The word centripetal means “directed toward the center.”

24. September 2, 2015S. Mathews24 Centrifugal Force Means to spread out from the center.

25. September 2, 2015S. Mathews25 Multiethnic States A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Belgium is a nation divided among Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Wallons.

26. September 2, 2015S. Mathews26 Multinational States A state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self- determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities such as the United Kingdom.

27. September 2, 2015S. Mathews27 The United Kingdom  A multinational state, the United Kingdom contains four main nationalities; England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.  Today the four nationalities hold little independent political power, although Scotland and Wales now have separately elected governments.

28. September 2, 2015S. Mathews28 Multiethnic Problems  Ethnicities do not always find ways to live together peacefully.  In some cases, ethnicities compete in civil wars to dominate the national identity.  In other cases, problems result from confusion between ethnic identity and national identity.

29. September 2, 2015S. Mathews29 Former Soviet Union The world’s largest multinational state, was an especially prominent example until its collapse in the early 1990s.

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31. September 2, 2015S. Mathews31 The 15 Republics  The republics that once constituted the Soviet Union are now independent countries.  The Soviet Union’s 15 republics were based on the 15 largest ethnicities.  With the breakup, less numerous ethnicities are now divided among more than one state.

32. September 2, 2015S. Mathews32 15 Independent States The newly independent states consist of five groups, 3 Baltic, 3 European, 5 Central Asian, 3 Caucasus, and Russia.

33. September 2, 2015S. Mathews33 Baltic Nation-States  Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been independent countries between 1918 and 1940.  Lithuania most closely fits the definition of a nation-state; 81% are ethnic Lithuanians.  These three countries have clear cultural differences and distinct historical traditions.

34. September 2, 2015S. Mathews34 Baltic Nation-States

35. September 2, 2015S. Mathews35 European Nation-States  To some extent, the republics of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine now qualify as nation-states.  Belarusian and Ukrainians became distinct ethnicities because they were isolated from the main body of Eastern Slavs--the Russians-- during the 13 th and 14 th centuries.

36. September 2, 2015S. Mathews36 European Nation- States Crimean Peninsula

37. September 2, 2015S. Mathews37 Crimean Peninsula  2/3 rds of the population are Russians.  Crimea voted to become independent of Ukraine.  The Soviet Union's largest fleets were stationed there.  Russia and the Ukraine agreed jointly maintain the naval base and ships at Sevastopol.

38. September 2, 2015S. Mathews38 The Tartars  166,000 Tatars have migrated to Crimea from Central Asia in recent years.  The Tatars once lived in the Crimea, but the Soviet leadership deported them to Central Asia.  The Tatars prefer to be governed by Ukraine.

39. September 2, 2015S. Mathews39 Moldova  Moldavians are ethnically indistinguishable from Romanians.  In 1992, many Moldavians pushed for reunification with Romania, but it wasn’t simple.  The Soviet government transferred a sliver of land from the east bank of the Dniestria to Moldova.

40. September 2, 2015S. Mathews40 Inhabitants of east bank of the Dniester River are Ukrainian and Russian, who oppose Moldova's reunification with Romania.

41. September 2, 2015S. Mathews41 Central Asian States  The five states in Central Asia carved out of the former Soviet Union display varying degrees of conformance to the principles of nation-state.  Together the five provide an important reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful than nation-states.

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43. September 2, 2015S. Mathews43 Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan  77% of Turkmenistan are Turkmen, with ethnic Turkmen are split between Turkmenistan and Russia.  80% of Uzbekistan are Uzbek, with Uzbeks split between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

44. September 2, 2015S. Mathews44 Kyrgyzstan  52% Kyrgyz, 18% Russian, and 13% Uzbek.  The Kyrgyz-Muslims who speak an Altaic language- resent the Russians for seizing the best farmland.

45. September 2, 2015S. Mathews45 Kazakhstan  Twice as large as the other four Central Asian countries combined.  The country is divided almost evenly between Kazakhs and Russians, a recipe for conflict.  Kazakhstan has been peaceful, in part because it has a somewhat less depressed economy than its neighbors.

46. September 2, 2015S. Mathews46 Tajikistan  65% Tajik, 25% Uzbek, and only 3% Russian.  Suffers from a civil war among the Tajik people.  The civil war has been between Tajiks who are former Communists and an unusual alliance of Muslim fundamentalists and Western- oriented intellectuals.

47. September 2, 2015S. Mathews47 Russia  Now the Largest Multinational State.  Officially recognizes the existence of 39 nationalities, many of which are eager for independence.  Russia's ethnicities are clustered in two principal locations.

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49. September 2, 2015S. Mathews49 Ethnicities in Russia  Ethnicities are clustered either in the center of Russia or on its borders.  Most were conquered by the Russians in the 16 th century.  Independence movements among the ethnicities are flourishing.

50. September 2, 2015S. Mathews50 Chechnya  Chechnya was brought under Russian control in the 1800s.  When the Soviet Union broke up, the Chechens declared independence.  If Chechnya gains independence other ethnicities will follow suit.  The region contains deposits of petroleum.

51. September 2, 2015S. Mathews51 Russians in Other States  Decades of Russian domination has left a deep reservoir of bitterness among other ethnicities once part of the Soviet Union.  Russian soldiers have remained stationed in other countries, in part because Russia cannot afford to re-house them.

52. September 2, 2015S. Mathews52 Russians in Other States  Other ethnicities fear the Russians are trying to reassert dominance.  Russians claim that they are now subject to discrimination as minorities in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union.

53. September 2, 2015S. Mathews53 Russians living in other countries of the former Soviet Union feel that they cannot migrate to Russia, because they have no jobs, homes, or land awaiting them there.

54. September 2, 2015S. Mathews54 Turmoil in the Caucasus  The Caucasus region gets its name from the mountains that separate Russia from Azerbaijan and Georgia.  Home to several ethnicities, who have a complex set of grievances against each other in the region.  Every ethnicity wants to carve out a sovereign nation-state.

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57. September 2, 2015S. Mathews57 Azeris (or Azerbaijanis)  Azeris trace their roots to Turkish invaders in the 8 th and 9 th centuries.  An 1828 treaty allocated northern Azeri territory to Russia and southern Azeri territory to Persia (now Iran).

58. September 2, 2015S. Mathews58 Azeris (or Azerbaijanis)  Azeris make up 90% of the country's total population.  Another 6 million Azeris are clustered in northwestern Iran.  Iran restricts teaching of the Azeri language.

59. September 2, 2015S. Mathews59 Armenians  More than 3,000 years ago Armenians controlled an independent kingdom in the Caucasus.  During the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed in a series of massacres organized by the Turks.

60. September 2, 2015S. Mathews60 Armenians  Others were forced to migrate to Russia.  After World War I the allies created an independent state of Armenia, but it was soon swallowed by its neighbors.  Turkey and the Soviet Union divided Armenia.

61. September 2, 2015S. Mathews61 Armenians  The Soviet portion became an independent country in 1991.  More than 90% of the population in Armenia are Armenians.  Armenians and Azeris have been at war with each other since 1988 over the boundaries between the two nationalities.

62. September 2, 2015S. Mathews62 Georgians  The population is more diverse than that in Armenia and Azerbaijan.  The Abkhazians in the north want an independent state, while the Ossetians in the south want to rejoin Russia.

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64. September 2, 2015S. Mathews64 Revival of Ethnic Identity  Ethnic identities never disappeared in Africa, where loyalty to tribe often remained more important than loyalty to the nationality.  Europeans thought that ethnicity was an insignificant relic, but were wrong.

65. September 2, 2015S. Mathews65 Ethnicity and Communism From 1945 until the early 1990s, attitudes toward communism and economic cooperation were more important political factors in Europe than the nation-state principle.

66. September 2, 2015S. Mathews66 The Communist government of Bulgaria repressed cultural differences by banning the Turkish language and the practice of some Islamic religious rites... to remove... obstacles to unifying national support for the ideology of communism.

67. September 2, 2015S. Mathews67 Ethnicity and Communism  The administrative structures of the former Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia recognized the existence of ethnic groups.  Local governments were designed to coincide as closely as possible with the territory occupied by the most numerous ethnicities.

68. September 2, 2015S. Mathews68 Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe  Breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia give more numerous ethnicities the opportunity to organize nation-states.  Less numerous ethnicities exist as minorities in multinational states, or divided among more than one of the new states.

69. September 2, 2015S. Mathews69 Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe  Especially severe problems have occurred in the Balkans.  Bulgaria's Turkish minority pressed for more rights.  Minority ethnicities in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia opposed the long- standing dominance of the more numerous ethnicities.

70. September 2, 2015S. Mathews70 The relatively close coincidence between the boundaries of the Slovene ethnic group and the country of Slovenia has promoted the country's relative peace and stability, compared to other former Yugoslavian republics.

71. September 2, 2015S. Mathews71 Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe  Sovereignty has brought difficulties in converting from Communist economic systems and fitting into the global economy.  But problems of economic reform are minor compared to the conflicts where nation-states could not be created.