1. Do Now/Catalyst Question
What are the six types of synovial joints we learned yesterday?

2. Review: Synovial Joints
Contain synovial fluid
Allow considerable movement
Most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial
Complex

3. Synovial Joints

4. Types of Synovial joints
Uniaxial: occurring around one axis
Biaxial: occurring around two axes at right angles to each other
Multiaxial: occurring around several axes

5. Plane and Saddle Joints
Plane or gliding joints
Uniaxial. some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures
Example: intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal
Saddle joints
Biaxial
Example: thumb (carpometacarpal pollicis), intercarpal, sternoclavicular

6. Hinge and Pivot Joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Uniaxial
Convex cylinder in one bone; corresponding concavity in the other
Example: elbow, ankle, interphalangeal
Pivot joints
Uniaxial. Rotation around a single axis.
Cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament
Example: articulation between dens of axis and atlas (atlantoaxial), proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

7. Ball-and-Socket and Ellipsoid Joints
Multiaxial
Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Condyloid
Modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces are ellipsoid
Biaxial
Example: atlantooccipital,

8. Today’s Objective:
SWBAT communicate the different types of movements done by the human body.

9. Intro
In physical therapy, kinesiology, and other medical and scientific fields specific terms are used to describe the movements of Synovial joints.
We will need to command these terms to understand many of the muscle actions we are going to learn about in our next unit.
For easier study, they’re grouped by contrasting movements.

10. Types of Movement Gliding: in plane joints; slight movement Angular
Flexion and Extension
Hyperextension
Plantar and Dorsiflexion
Abduction and Adduction
Circular
Rotation
Pronation and Supination
Circumduction

11. Flexion and Extension
Flexion: movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane
Extension: movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

12. Flexion and Extension

13. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Exceptions to definition
Plantar flexion: standing on the toes
Dorsiflexion: foot lifted toward the shin

14. Abduction and Adduction
Abduction: movement away from the median plane
Adduction: movement toward the median plane

15. Circular Movements Rotation: turning of a structure on its long axis
Examples: rotation of the head, humerus, entire body
Medial and lateral rotation; example, the rotation of the arm
Pronation/Supination: refer to unique rotation of the forearm
Pronation: palm faces posteriorly
Supination: palm faces anteriorly

16. Circular Movement Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Appendage describes a cone

17. Special Movements Unique to only one or two joints Types
Elevation and Depression
Protraction and Retraction
Opposition and Reposition
Inversion and Eversion

18. Elevation and Depression
Elevation: moves a structure superior
Depression: moves a structure inferior
Examples: shrugging the shoulders, opening and closing the mouth

19. Protraction and Retraction
Protraction: gliding motion anteriorly
Retraction: moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
Examples: scapulae and mandibles

20. Opposition and Reposition
Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
Reposition: return to anatomical position

21. Inversion and Eversion
Inversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medially
Eversion: turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally

22. Range of Motion Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint Types
Active: amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction
Passive: amount of movement accomplished by some outside force
Both active and passive can be influenced by
Shape of articular surfaces forming joint
Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces
Strength and location of ligaments and tendons
Location of muscles associated with joint
Amount of fluid in and around joint
Amount of pain in and around joint
Amount of use/disuse of joint

23. In focus: Knee Joint
Condyloid: allowing flexion/extension, small amount of rotation
Menisci: fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface
Cruciate ligaments: extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Prevents anterior displacement of tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Prevents posterior displacement of tibia
Collateral and popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of thigh muscles strengthen the joint
Bursae: may result in slow accumulation of fluid in the joint (water on the knee)

24. Knee

25. Knee Injuries and Disorders
Football injuries: often tear the tibial collateral ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament, and damage the medial meniscus
Bursitis
Chondromalacia: softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella
Hemarthrosis: acute accumulation of blood in joint

26. Effects of Aging on Joints
Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development decreases
Articular cartilages wear down and matrix becomes more rigid
Production of synovial fluid declines
Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less flexible: decrease in range of motion (ROM)
Muscles around joints weaken
A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and decreased ROM

27. Joint Disorders Arthritis
Osteoarthritis: wear and tear
Rheumatoid: caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease
Joint infections. Lyme disease (with ticks as vector), suppurative arthritis, tuberculous arthritis
Gout. Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic). Increase in uric acid in blood results in deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and kidneys
Hallux valgus and bunion. Caused by ill-fitting shoes
Joint replacement. Prosthetic joint used to eliminate excruciating pain, usually due to arthritis

28. Be Prepared
For you next Biomedical terms quiz next time…