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Articulations/ Joints
Mousavi SJ Kinesiology course_ 3rd session_ 27 Bahman
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Force components
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Articulations Wherever two bones interact
Function depends on structure Permit No movement Slight movement Extensive movement
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Three categories based on range of motion
Synarthroses Immovable joints Amphiarthroses Slightly movable joints Diarthroses Freely movable joints
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Synarthroses Bony edges may interlock Sutures Gomphosis Synchondrosis
Between skull bones Gomphosis Between teeth and jaw Synchondrosis Epiphyseal plate Synostosis Fused bones
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Amphiarthroses Limited movements Syndesmosis Symphysis
Collagen fibers connect bones Symphysis Bones are separated by cartilage pad
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Synarthrodial or Fibrous Joints
Little or no movement found in sutures of skull syndesmoses - dense fibrous tissues that allow very limited movement - at coracroacromial, midradioulnar joints
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Amphiarthroses Slightly movable “Amphi” = both sides
permit slightly more movement than Synarthrodial joints Sychondroses - held together by hyaline cartilage (sternocostal joints)
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Amphiarthroses Symphyses
thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones vertebral joints and pubic symphysis
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Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Wide range of movement Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage Lubricated by synovial fluid Enclosed with joint capsule Accessory structures Menisci Fat pads Ligaments Tendons Bursae Tendon sheaths
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Figure 8.1a Structure of a Synovial Joint
Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide range of motion.
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Figure 8.1b Structure of a Synovial Joint
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Diarthrodial joint Cartilage known as hyaline cartilage
no direct blood supply “avascular” 60-80% water collagen & proteoglycan gel viscoelastic
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Diarthrodial Joint Cartilage varies in thickness depending on joint
thick on knee, thin on ankle Meniscus fibrocartilage - improved fit, stability, load transmission
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Diarthrodial joint Capsule
surrounds joint, fibrous, made mainly of collagen contains a vacuum thickenings = ligaments contains synovial fluid
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Figure 8.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion
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Joint Description Number of axes along which movement is permitted
Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial
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Diarthrodial Joints Hinge Number of axes: uniaxial (1)
Plane/axis: Sagittal Movements: flexion/extension Movement limited to 1 plane. e.g. elbow, knee, fingers.
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Figure 8.6a, b A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
This classification scheme is based on the amount of movement permitted.
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Diarthrodial Joints Pivot Number of Axes: uniaxial (1)
Plane/Axis: Horizontal plane Movements: Rotation e.g. atlas rotating against axis, head of radius rotating against ulna.
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Figure 8.6c, d A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
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Diarthrodial Joints Ball and Socket Joint Number of axes: triaxial (3)
Plane/Axis: sagittal; frontal; horizontal Movements: flex/ext, abd/add, rotation, horiz. abd/add, circum.
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Figure 8.6e, f A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
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Diarthrodial Joints Plane or Gliding Joint (arthrodial)
Only movement is gliding (nonaxial) - articular surfaces are flat intermetatarsal, intercarpal, intertarsal, facet joints of vertebrae
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Diarthrodial Joints Hinge (ginglymus)
one surface is convex, other concave strong collateral ligamnts restrict movement to one plane elbow (ulnohumeral),inter-phalangeal joints
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Diarthrodial Joints Pivot (screw, trochoid)
rotation is around one axis atlantoaxial, proximal distal radio-ulnar joints
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Diarthrodial Joints Condyloid (ovoid, ellipsoidal)
one surface is oval convex, other is oval concave flexion, extension, ab-adduction, circumduction 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints, radio-carpal
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Diarthrodial Joints Saddle (sellar)
both articular surfaces are shaped like a riding saddle like condyloid but with great ROM thumb (carpometacarpal joint)
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Diarthrodial Joints Ball and Socket (spheroidal)
one surface is concave, other convex rotation in all three planes is permitted hip, shoulder
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Extremity and Spinal Joints
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Describing dynamic motion
Linear motion Back and forth Angular motion Angle between shaft and surface changes Rotation Spinning of shaft on longitudinal axis
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Types of Movement Angular motion can be described as Abduction
Adduction Flexion Extension Hyperextension Circumduction
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Figure 8.4 Rotational Movements
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Special movement terms
Eversion/Inversion Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion Lateral flexion Opposition Protraction/retraction Elevation/depression
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Figure 8.5a, b Special Movements
Examples of special terms used to describe movement at specific joints or unique directions of movement.
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Figure 8.5c-f Special Movements
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Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Gliding joints Limited movement in single plane Hinge joint and pivot joint Monaxial Ellipsoidal joint and saddle joint Biaxial Ball and socket joint Triaxial
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Representative Articulations
Intervertebral Articulations Glenohumoral Joint Elbow Joint Wrist and hand Hip Knee Ankle
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Intervertebral Articulations
Articular processes of adjacent vertebrae Symphyseal joints at bodies Intervertebral discs separate Nucleus pulposus Annulus fibrosus Ligaments bind vertebrae Permits flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
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Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
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Shoulder Joint Glenohumoral joint Loose shallow joint
Glenoid fossa and head of humerus Loose shallow joint Greatest range of motion Strength and stability are sacrificed Supported by ligaments and muscles Many bursae
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Shoulder Joint (within the capsule)
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The Elbow Joint Hinge joint Flexion and extension
Includes humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint Supported by Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments Annular ligaments
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Joints of the Wrist and Hand
Carpometacarpal joints Metacarpo- phalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints proximal distal
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The Hip Joint Ball and socket diarthrosis
Acetabulum of os coxae and head of femur Flexion / extension Adduction / abduction Circumduction Rotation
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Hip Joint Reinforcements
Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Transverse acetabular ligaments Ligament of femoral head
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Hip joint and supporting ligaments
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Hip joint and supporting ligaments
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Figure 8.15a Articular Structure of the Hip Joint
Coronal sectional views of the hip joint.
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The Knee Joint Complex hinge joint Resembles three separate joints
Medial condyles of femur and tibia Lateral condyles of femur and tibia Patella and patellar surface of femur Flexion / extension Limited rotation
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The Knee Joint Support is not a single unified capsule
Not a single fluid cavity Fibrocartilage pads Medial and lateral menisci Fat pads Seven major ligaments bind knee joint Popliteals Patellar Anterior and posterior cruciates Tibial and fibular collaterals
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Knee (Superficial Layer)
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Knee (anterior, deep layer)
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Knee (posterior, deep layer)
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Knee (sagittal view)
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The Joints of the Ankle and Foot
Hinge joint Inferior surface of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus Primary joint is tibiotalar Stabilizing ligaments Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
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Foot Joints Intertarsal joints Tarsometatarsal joints
Gliding Tarsometatarsal joints Metatarsophalangeal Interphanageal Hinge
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Foot Joints
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Figure 8.19c Joints of the Ankle and Foot (lateral view)
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Figure 8.19c Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II (medial view)
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Joint problems are common with age
Rheumatism General pain and stiffness Arthritis Rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints Osteoarthritis: Breakdown of bone and cartilaginous tissue
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