1. Eukaryotes

2. What are the basic differences again?
Characteristic
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
# of cells
Unicellular
Uni or multi
DNA shape
DNA is circular, no histones
DNA in chromosomes w/histones
DNA location
Free in cell
In PM-bound nucleus
True organelles? No
Yes
Ribosomes
70S
80S
First amino acid in protein
Formylmethionine
Methionine
Cell wall?
Yes-peptidoglycan
No (animalia); Yes (plantae—cellulose); Fungi (chitin)
Reproduction
Binary fission three ways to reproduce
Mitosis

3. Do they have flagella? Some do! Some also have cilia
Both made of 9+2 pattern of microtubules

4. Do they have cell walls? Most do… Some have a glycocalyx
Plantae (cellulose), fungi (chitin), protists (called the pellicle)
Cell wall is chemically simpler
Since no PPG, antibiotics do not harm eukaryotes
Some have a glycocalyx
Animalia

5. How about a PM? Yes—all have Fluid mosaic theory
Very similar to prokaryotes
Phospholipid bilayer w/
Proteins
Cholesterol
Fluid mosaic theory
Semi-permeable membrane
For small items
Endocytosis and exocytosis
For bigger items

6. What’s different about the cytoplasm?
Contains
Cytosol
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasmic streaming

7. What about the organelles?
True organelle
membrane-bound
Performs specific function
Eukaryotes have organelles

8. What is the nucleus? DNA storage site Director of _______ synthesis
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleoli
Chromatin

9. What about eukaryotic DNA?
DNA wrapped around histones
Chromatin vs chromosomes
Mitosis and meiosis
Neither in prokaryotes

10. What are some of the organelles?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth
Rough

11. What are some of the organelles?
Ribosomes
80S (40S + 60S)
What is it in prokaryotes?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have 80S ribosomes
More on why this is later

12. What are some of the organelles?
Golgi complex
Transport vesicle
Transfer vesicle—between cisterns
Secretory vesicles
Storage vesicles

13. What are some of the organelles?
Lysosomes
Single membrane
Digestive enzymes

14. What are some of the organelles?
Vacuoles
Space or cavity
Sometimes used for endocytosis
Storage
Water retention

15. What are some of the organelles?
Mitochondria (mitochondrion)
Inner membrane = cristae
Filled with matrx
Have some DNA and 70S ribosomes
More about why later!

16. What are some of the organelles?
Chloroplasts
Stacked thylakoids
70S Ribosomes and DNA
More on why later!

17. What is the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments
microtubules

18. Why is there DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Endosymbiotic theory

19. Types of Eukaryotes
A survey by kingdoms

20. Why should I care about microbial eukaryotes?
Over half the world is infected with them!
Some examples:
Malaria
Hookworm
Tapeworms
African trypanosomiasis

21. What is the Kingdom Fungi?
Macroscopic fungi
Microscopic fungi

22. Mycology: The Study of Fungi

23. What are the characteristics of fungi?
Chitin
Hyphae
pseudohyphae
Heterotrophic
saprobes

24. What are the characteristics of fungi?
Yeasts vs. Hyphae
Dimorphic

25. Yeasts Unicellular fungi Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically
Figure 12.3

26. Dimorphism
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C
Figure 12.4

27. How do fungi reproduce? Asexual spore Sporangiosphore Conidiospore
Formation
Sporangiosphore
Conidiospore
Arthrospore
Blastoconidium
Chlamydospore

28. How do fungi reproduce? Sexual spore formation
Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–).
Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse.
Meiosis:Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores).

29. Sexual Spores
Zygospore: Fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore.
Figure 12.6

30. Sexual Spores
Ascospore: Formed in a sac (ascus).
Figure 12.7

31. Sexual Spores
Basidiospore: Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium).
Figure 12.8

32. Fungal Diseases (Mycoses)
Systemic mycoses: Deep within body
Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails
Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts
Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi

33. Zygomycota Conjugation fungi Coenocytic
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses)

34. Ascomycota Sac fungi Septate
Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores.
Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses)
Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)

35. Basidiomycota Club fungi Septate
Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores.
Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis)

36. Economic Effects of Fungi
Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Saccharomyces
Bread, wine, beer
Food spoilage
Trichoderma
Cellulose used for juices and fabric
Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight)
Taxomyces
Taxol production
Ceratocystis ulm (Dutch elm disease)
Entomorphaga
Gypsy moth control

37. What is the kingdom Protista?
Subkingdoms
Algae
Protozoa

38. What are the algae? Autotrophs Plankton Red tide: diatoms
Photosynthetic
Plankton
Red tide: diatoms

39. What are the protozoa? Unicellular Heterotrophs Encystment Reproduce
Asexually
Conjugation

40. What are the protozoa? Classified on locomotion Phylum Motility
Example
Sarcodina
Pseudopods video
Amoeba
Mastigophora
Flagella rush hour
Euglena
Cilophora
Cilia a relative
Paramecium
Apicomplexa
Non-mobile
Plasmodium (pic above)

41. Can you give some pathogenic examples?

42. What are helminths? Multicellular Heterotrophs
Pathogenic groups include:
Flatworms
Tapeworms
Trematodes
Roundworms

43. Humans as Intermediate Host
Figure 12.28

44. Remember!