1. Chapter 7

2. Joints  A Joint is the articulation of two or more bones Knee, Elbow, hip, etc.  Functions Hold bones together Allow for mobility  Classification Structure and function

3. Joints - Structurally  Fibrous Joints – bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers Lack synovial cavity (space between the bones)  Cartilaginous Joints – bones are held together by cartilage Lack synovial cavity  Synovial Joints – bones are united by irregular connective tissue and ligaments Synovial cavity present

4. Joints - Fuctionally  Synarthrosis – immoveable joint  Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable joint  Diarthrosis – freely moveable joint All are synovial joints

5. Fibrous Joints  Suture - hold together the bones of the skull Functionally – synarthosis  Syndesmosis – distal joint between the tibia and fibula Functionally – amphiarthrosis (because it allows some movement)  Gomphosis – roots of the teeth articulating with the mandible and maxilla Functionally – synarthrosis (immovable)

7. Cartilaginous Joints  Synchondrosis – connecting material is hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate) Functionally – synarthrosis  Symphysis – End of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but are connected by a piece of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis) Functionally – amphiarthrosis

9. Symphysis Joints

10. Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule  Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint

11. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

12. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.28

14. Types of Synovial Joints  Planar joints – bones are slightly rounded which allows for bones to have a side-to-side or back-and-forth motion Example – wrist (between carpals) ankel  Hinge joint – convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone which allows an open- close motion Example: Elbow, knee

15. Planar Joints Hinge Joint

16. Synovial Cont….  Pivot Joint – rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament Example: Atlas and the axis articulate with the dens to allow you to have the side-to- side motion  Condyloid joints – allows for the up-and- down motion and the side-to-side motion Knuckles

17. Still More  Saddle Joints – between the carpal and the thumb which gives the up-down and side-side motion (bones different shaped than condyloid)  Ball-and-socket Joint – ball-like structure of a bone fits into a cuplike depression on another bone. Example – shoulder

18. Knee Joint

19. Main Structures of the knee  Patellar ligament – extends from the patella to the tibia and strengthens the anterior surface of the joint  Oblique Popliteal ligament – strengthens the posterior surface of the joints  Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) – extends anteriorly and medially from the tibia to the femur  Arcuate popliteal ligament – strengthens the posterior surface of the joint  Tibial collateral ligament – strengthens the medial aspect of the joint  Anterior cruciate liagment (ACL) – extends posteriorly and laterally from the tibia to the femur (70% of knee injuries)

20. More  Meniscus – fibrocartilage discs between the tibia and the femur Medial Meniscus – semicircular disc on the medial side Lateral meniscus – nearly circular piece found on the lateral side

21. Knee Injury

22. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

23. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide 5.54a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities

26. Hip Replacement