1. Foot and Ankle Examination
Dr. Abdulrahman Algarni, MD, SSC (Ortho), ABOS
Assist. Professor, King Saud University
Consultant Orthopedic and Arthroplasty Surgeon

2. Foot and Ankle Examination
Bilateral exposure: at least mid leg
Compare, front, back and side
Standing and supine position

3. Foot and Ankle Examination
Standing
Look
Special test
Gait
Neurovascular examination
Supine
Look
Feel
Move
Special test

4. Standing Look Skin changes
Soft tissues: Muscle wasting (leg), swelling

5. Standing
Look
Bone alignment: (hind foot: varus or valgus, mid foot: cavus, flat foot. Forefoot: hallux valgus), swelling

6. Standing
Look
Bone alignment: (hind foot: varus or valgus, mid foot: cavus, flat foot. Forefoot: hallux valgus), swelling

7. Standing Special test:
If patient has flat foot (pes planus): ask the pt to tip toe to check if it is flexible or rigid flatfoot.
Observe if the heel will correct from valgus to varus or not as well as midfoot arch reconstitution.

8. Standing Gait Foot-dropt: foot-slap and high-stepping gait
Fixed equinus deformity

9. Supine
Look
Plantar surface (Sole): skin changes (callosities)

10. Supine Feel Skin: temperature. Soft tissue: Achilles tendon.
Bone: Bony Landmarks (LM, MM, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, joint line, calceneum) for tenderness.

11. Supine
Move
Active and passive ankle ROM (dorsiflexion and planterflexion)
Passive subtalar ROM (ankle to neutral, and stabilize it then apply inversion and eversion to assess subtalar ROM).N.B: note if painful or painless

12. Supine
Special tests
Anterior drawer test with ankle in planterflexion to evaluate anterior talofibular ligament

13. Supine
Special tests
Achilles tendon test: Thompson test.

14. Neurovascular examination