1. Evaluating Financial Performance

2. The Key Questions: 1.Does the firm have the ability to meet maturing financial obligations? 2.Does management do a good job at generating operating profits on the firm’s assets? 3.How is the firm financed? 4.Do the owners’ receive a good rate of return on their equity capital (return on equity)?

3. Ability to Meet Maturing Obligations Balance sheet perspective Current ratio = current assets ÷ current debt Quick ratio = (cash + accts receiv) ÷ current debt Asset flow perspective: Accts receivable turnover = sales ÷ accts receivables Inventory turnover = cost of goods sold ÷ inventories

4. Evaluating a Firm’s Operating Profitability Is management doing a good job at generating profitability on the firm’s assets?

5. The answer is based on one and only one ratio: Why is the OROA high or low relative to competition???? But once we answer this question, we do not stop. We want to know: Operating Operating Income return on assets Total Assets =

6. To answer this second question,we look at the two pieces of OROA: OROA = Operating Profit margin X Total asset turnover or more completely, Sales Total Assets OROA = Operating profits Sales X

7. The first piece is the operating profit margin: OROA = Operating Profits Sales X Total Assets Use a Common Sized Income Statement to understand the operating margin

8. For example, IRM, Inc. compared to a peer company: IRM, Inc. Peer Co. Sales$400100%100% Cost of goods sold24060%50% Gross profits$16040%50% Operating expenses: Selling & marketing$4812%12% General & admin246%11% Depreciation expense328%7% Total operating expenses$10426%30% Operating income$5614%18% gross profit margin operating profit margin

9. So the margins tell us: How well we are managing the income statement!!!! The four “drivers” are: 1.The selling price for each product. 2.The cost of manufacturing or acquiring the firm’s products or services. 3.The ability to control general and administrative expenses. 4.The ability to control the expenses in marketing and distributing a firms product.

10. The second piece is the total asset turnover: OROA = Operating profits Sales X Total assets

11. To know how efficiently we are using the firm’s assets (the balance sheet), we need two pieces of information: 1.A common-sized balance sheet to know the relative size of each asset in the balance sheet 2.The turnover ratios that tell us specifically how we are managing: –Accounts receivables: accounts receivable turnover –Inventories: inventory turnover –Fixed assets: fixed asset turnover (sales ÷ net fixed assets)

12. For example, IRM’s balance sheet: IRM, Inc. Peer Co. Cash$2010%5% Accounts receivables4020%26% Inventories6030%25% Total current assets$12060%56% Net fixed assets8040%44% Total assets$200100%100% Accounts payable$3015%10% Short-term note147%15% Total current debt$4422%25% Long-term debt3618%43% Total debt$8040%68% Equity12060%32% Total debt and equity$200100%100%

13. So: OROA tells if management is generating adequate operating profits on the assets! To determine why OROA is high or low, we look at the two components of OROA: Operating profits Sales and Sales Total Assets Income Statement Management Efficiency of Asset Utilization

14. How does the firm finance its assets? Balance sheet perspective: Debt ratio = total debt ÷ total assets Income statement perspective: Times interest earned = operating income interest expense ÷

15. Owner’s Rate of Return (return on equity) Return on equity = net income ÷ total equity investment Total common equity = all of the equity, including retained earnings

16. What causes ROE to be high or low? High operating return on assets (OROA) produces a high return on equity (ROI), and vv. High debt causes ROE to be high IF OROA is higher than the firm’s interest rate on debt BUT high debt causes ROE to be low if OROA is lower than the firm’s interest rate on debt!! See an example.

17. Let’s Practice Use the Dumas and Lakhani, Inc. financials to evaluate the firm’s performancew!