1. Berlin - Thursday, 17.07.2003 „Transboundary Watermanagement“ 14 - 24 July Workshop on

2. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Salinization Where the salt comes from In general, different salts are inherent parts of all parent rocks. Soils are weathering products of rocks of different origin and salt contents. Therefore, in all soils we can find neutral salts (Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, SO 4 2-, CO 3 2-, HCO 3 -, Cl-). Silty and loamy soils contain more soluble minerals than sandy soils. The soils in drylands have developed in an environment of limited rainfall and significant periods of drying. This excess of evapotranspiration to rainfall draws water from depth and causes many soluble minerals to accumulate in the upper soil horizons.

3. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH ”Reactivation of Traditional Ground Water Enrichment and/or Formation through Rain-Water Harvesting/Catchment Systems" Todays Topic of Conversation and Discussion:

4. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Preconditions for artificial ground water enrichment and small- scale watershed management Today, ground water enrichment through reforestation is a typical task of West-European Countries in the framework of watershed management. Very often it has been discused in connection with waste water re-use, river bank infiltration and ground water pollution through fertilizers. Ground water enrichment and watershed management must therefore be a mangement for demand and equitable allocation. In arid countries ground water enrichment can be achieved mainly by rain water harvesting (percolation to the ground water). However, it should be clear that watershed management with additional rain water can never provide unlimited extra water.

5. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Desirable preconditions for ground water enrichment and small-scale watershed management Data mining: - topographical data (geomorphology and slope conditions) - climate variability, e.g. yearly amount and variation of precipitation (arid, semi-arid, humid climate) - weather-related dynamics of small-scale watersheds of river basins - pedology (distribution and types of soils, storage capacity) - flow data for ephemeral channels (wadis) - water needed for different purposes - aerial photographs and satellite data

6. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Desirable preconditions for ground water enrichment and small-scale watershed management AND - ONCE MORE : As the most recent DGIS (directorate general for international cooperation, Den Haag, NL) Policy Supporting Paper emphasized: „Watershed management approaches may be over reliant on an idealized ‚community‘. The reality is one of groups - landless and landlords, high and low caste, men and women.“

7. Run-on area of different size Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH The principle of water harvesting and ground water enrichment Run-off area (catchment) of different size or river redirection adapted from FAO (strongly modified) storage soil storage Pasture / Field Domestic Water for People Natural Vegetation

8. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Possible techniques for ground water enrichment Roof water harvesting Concrete Slab with Filter Bed Well Ground Water Source: Directorate of Town Panchayats, India Care for Ground water before it becomes rare

9. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Possible techniques for ground water enrichment Roof water harvesting Direct ground water enrichment without concret slab and filter bed.

10. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Rain water harvesting from roads and pavements e.g. Greece, Italy Possible techniques for ground water enrichment or Cisterns

11. Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water Management Dr. H. Kehl Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH Possible techniques for ground water enrichment Water harvesting from macrocatchments source: FAO