1. Chapter 9 Development

2. Key Issue #1
Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

3. Development
The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
More developed countries (MDCs)
AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
AKA emerging or developing countries

4. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Economic indicators of development
The Human Development Index (HDI)
Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development:
Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
Demographic = (4) life expectancy

5. Human Development Index
Fig. 9-1: Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

6. Annual GDP per Capita
Fig. 9-2: Annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita averages over $20,000 in most developed countries but under $5,000 in most less developed countries.

7. Employment Changes by Sector
Fig. 9-3: Percentage employment in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of MDCs has changed dramatically, but change has been slower in LDCs.

8. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Types of jobs
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Productivity
Measured by the value added per capita
MDCs are more productive than LDCs
Consumer goods
Motor vehicles, telephones, and televisions

9. Telephones per Population
Fig. 9-4: Mean telephone lines per 1,000 persons, MDCs have several dozen phone lines per 1,000 persons, while the poorer developing countries may have less than 10.

10. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4

11. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Social indicators of development
Education and literacy
The literacy rate
Health and welfare
Diet (adequate calories)
Access to health care

12. Student-Teacher Ratios
Fig. 9-5: Students per teacher, primary school level. Primary school teachers have much larger class sizes in LDCs than in MDCs, partly because of the large numbers of young people in the population (Fig. 2-15).

13. Persons per Physician
Fig. 9-6: There is a physician for every 500 or fewer people in most MDCs, while thousands of people share a doctor on average in LDCs.

14. Calories per Capita
Fig. 9-7: Daily available calories per capita as percent of requirements. In MDCs, the average person consumes one-third or more over the required average minimum, while in LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.

15. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy
Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s-80s; babies born in LDCs, in the 40s-60s
Other demographic indicators:
Infant mortality
Natural increase
Crude birth rate

16. Key Issue #2
Where Are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

17. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America and Europe
Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
Less developed regions
Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs
Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

18. More and Less Developed Regions
Fig. 9-8: The less developed regions include Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

19. More and Less Developed Regions
Figure 9-10

20. Air Pollution in Eastern Europe
Fig : Sulfate emissions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. GIS was used to map previously secret data on air pollution after the fall of the communist regime. Extremely high levels were found in some of the main industrial areas.

21. Minerals in Africa
Fig. 9-9: Although several African countries have important minerals, the world prices of many of these have lagged the prices of industrial products, services, and energy.

22. Key Issue #3
Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

23. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes
Four measures (similar to HDI):
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males
Percent of literate females to literate males
Life expectancy of females to males

24. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17

25. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics
Uses economic and political indicators:
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women
Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
Percentage of women holding national office

26. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

27. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21

28. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals

29. Key Issue #4
Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development?

30. Progress Toward Development
Figure 9-26

31. Income and Demographic Change, 1980–2004
Fig. 9-19: Per capita GDP has increased more in MDCs than in LDCs during this period, while population growth and infant mortality have declined more rapidly in MDCs than in LDCs.

32. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

33. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade
Rostow’s model of development
Examples of international trade approach
The “four Asian dragons” (aka “four little tigers”)
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

34. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development
Example: India
World Trade Organization
Foreign direct investment
Transnational corporations

35. Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-28
Figure 9-27

36. Foreign Investment Flows
Fig. 9-21: Three-quarters of foreign investment flows from one MDC to another. Only one-quarter goes from an MDC to an LDC.

37. Core and Periphery in World Economy
Fig. 9-22: This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.