1. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Assimilation of AMSR-E soil moisture into a coupled land surface-mesoscale model in the Land Information System using an ensemble Kalman filter Clay Blankenship and Bill Crosson USRA

2. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Overview Goal: Improve predictions in a coupled (land/atmosphere) weather model by assimilating observations of soil moisture into a land surface model. LIS (Land Information System) Coupled mode--WRF and SHEELS LSM AMSR-E soil moisture observations Data Assimilation by Ensemble Kalman Filter Methodology 1.Add SHEELS as a new land surface model in LIS. 2.Add coupled-run and AMSR-E data assimilation capability to SHEELS in LIS. 3.Run data assimilation experiments.

3. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Land Information System (LIS) A modeling and data assimilation system with the capability to run several different LSMs. It is very customizable with the ability to swap out LSMs, forcing datasets, etc. LSMS VIC, Noah, CLM, Catchment,SiB2, Hyssib Base Forcings ECMWF, GDAS, NLDAS... Supplemental Forcings TRMM 3B42, Agrrad, Cmap, Cmorph, Stg4... Parameters Landcover, soils, greenness, albedo, LAI, topography, tbot Data Assimilation algorithm, observation, perturbation method

4. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL SHEELS (Simulator for Hydrology and Energy Exchange at the Land Surface) is a spatially-distributed (grid cell) surface flux-hydrology model that can be run as a stand-alone model with meteorological input, or coupled with a meteorological model. Uses of the model include: Provide areal soil moisture and surface energy flux estimates. Validate remotely-sensed moisture and temperature measurements where observations are sparse or absent. Provide surface boundary conditions for mesoscale weather models. Heritage Based on Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme of Dickinson, 1986. Second generation: Ex-BATS of Smith et al., 1993. (Bill Crosson) Third generation: SHEELS, developed to include major modifications to soil layer structure, 1994. Added Kalman filter-based soil moisture assimilation scheme, 1998. Added full soil temperature diffusion scheme, 1999. Introduced overland flow and stream routing, 2001. Current version described in Martinez et al., 2001; Crosson et al., 2002. SHEELS

5. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL SHEELS: Simulator for Hydrology and Energy Exchange at the Land Surface

6. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL SHEELS Input Time-dependent input: Wind speed Air temperature Relative humidity Rainfall Atmospheric pressure Downwelling solar radiation Downwelling longwave radiation Required static variables: Soils:Landcover: Saturated hydraulic conductivitycanopy height Saturated matric potentialfractional vegetation cover Soil wilting pointminimum stomatal resistance Rooting depthleaf area index Soil porosityreflectance properties Topography: Surface elevation or slope Soil texture classes

7. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL SHEELS Output SHEELS estimates many time-dependent variables at each grid point based on spatially-distributed meteorological input as well as soil, vegetation and topographic properties: Surface latent and sensible heat fluxes,Ground heat flux including soil, canopy contributionsNet radiation Vapor mass fluxes from soil, canopy Reflected solar radiation Solar and longwave radiation absorbedDrag coefficients by canopy and ground Soil surface and canopy temperaturesSurface temperature Soil temperature for each layerInfiltration Soil moisture for each layer Runoff Depth of water on canopy (dew or rain)Ponded water

8. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL SHEELS Output Examples Time/Depth Soil Moisture Fractional water content by volume 1997 Day of Year Soil moisture is estimated for each layer. In this example there are 15 layers in the 2 m soil column. Note: - Surface drying - Penetration of wetting fronts - Transition at bottom of the root zone (1 m)

9. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Adding SHEELS to LIS Added SHEELS as an LSM in LIS (rewrite code to fit into LIS structure) Enables use of LIS capabilities. Run-time selection of base forcing, supplemental forcing, static data Coupled WRF runs EnKF data assimilation Easy intercomparison with other models MPI enabled Allows subgrid variability in vegetation type Makes SHEELS available to LIS users.

10. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL LSM Input Data

11. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Layer 1 Total Water (Liquid+Ice), hourly

12. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Layer 1 Soil Ice (hourly)

13. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Snow cover (daily)

14. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Fractional soil moisture (water+ice) Soil Temperature Model Results Nebraska JAN-JUL 2003

15. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Fractional soil moisture (water+ice) Soil Temperature Model Results N. Texas JAN-JUL 2003

16. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL AMSR-E Soil Moisture Data Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS On board NASA’s EOS Aqua satellite (sun-synchronous polar orbiter) Twice daily coverage Measures microwave radiance at 6 frequencies with 10km sampling Soil moisture measured by 10.65 GHz channel with resolution of 51x30 km Measures volumetric liquid water concentration in ~top 1 cm Dataset: AMSR-E Level 3 Daily land product (25 km gridded)

17. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF):  The EnKF is initialized by creating an ensemble of N initial condition fields around a mean model state at t=0, with an assumed covariance.  The spread of an ensemble of N model ‘trajectories’ is used to estimate the error covariances. The full non-linear dynamic equations are used to propagate each ensemble member forward in time, thus determining the trajectories. This is in contrast to the traditional Kalman filter in which linearized model dynamics are used to propagate error covariances.  The mean or median of the N ensemble states is used to define the state vector estimate.  When observations are available, each ensemble member is updated based on the difference between the observation and the model state, weighted by the Kalman gain (as in the EKF). Random error is added to the observation based on assumed noise characteristics; this ensures that the variance of the updated ensemble matches the true estimation error covariances (Burgers et al., 1998, Mon. Wea. Rev.)  Propagation of error covariance matrix is more stable than in the traditional Kalman filter, especially if there are strong non-linearities in the model. Assumptions/issues in EnKF: Gaussion error distributions are assumed; this may be violated in some applications. A large ensemble may be needed for accurate determination of the error covariances. Ensemble Kalman Filter

18. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Settings for Data Assimilation In an EnKF, the relative strength of the background and observations is controlled by the observation error (specified) and the background error (derived from the ensemble, which depends on the state perturbations). Observation:AMSR-E Surface Soil Moisture (g/cm 3 ) Range:.01 to.52 Error:.05 State:SHEELS 14-layer water fraction (0 to 1) Perturbation type:normal Standard deviation:.005 at surface, less below Correlation (vertical):50% at ~2.3m

19. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL DA Results Soil Moisture Layer 1 Hourly Change 08Z 09Z

20. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Assimilation Results Soil Moisture Layer 1

21. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Assimilation Results Soil Moisture Layer 1 (Case 2)

22. National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL