1. 1 Development and Climate Change Integration in the domestic water sector in South Africa Linking Development and Climate Change Development and Adaptation Days Montreal - December 2005 Pierre Mukheibir Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town

2. 2 Projected Rainfall (downscaled GCMs) Drying on the west Wetter on the east

3. 3 Rainfall variability in the N-Cape Monthly rainfall for Calvinia (1971-1990) Seasonal variability (1971-2004)

4. 4 Groundwater resource utilization by Local Governments in 2000

5. 5 Methodology for strategy development Climate Variability Climate Change Periodic Drought Frequent Drought Short term water shortages Frequent water shortages Short term strategies Long term strategies Meeting basic development requirements Filter

6. 6 Methodology for strategy development Climate Variability Climate Change Periodic Drought Frequent Drought Short term water shortages Frequent water shortages Long term strategies Long term resilience Meeting basic development requirements

7. 7 Potential strategies (1) Supply side strategies:  Planning: oRegional water resource planning oLocal water resource management and monitoring system oConjunctive use of surface and groundwater  Relief measures: oStandby relief under critical conditions eg Water tankers oDrought relief and aid funding  Technologies: oArtificial groundwater recharge oRainwater harvesting oDesalination oRainfall enhancement  Reduction of leaks programme  Removal of alien invasives

8. 8 Potential strategies (2) Demand side strategies:  Water restrictions  Tariff structures -eg. Block tariffs  Education programmes  Re use of grey water  Reduction of leaks programme  Sanitation options: o Dry sanitation systems o Saline water for toilets o Dual flush toilets

9. 9 Screening criteria for assessing the strategies

10. 10 Results from simple MCA

11. 11 Recommended Strategies: obstacles and barriers for implementation Strategy Local capacity Capital expenditure O&M expenditure Low Acceptability Low Employment Technology Reduction of leaks programmes XXX Regional water resource planning XXXX Local water resource management XXX Conjunctive use of surface & groundwater XXXX Rainwater harvesting X Dry sanitation systems X Education programmes XX Tariff structures XX Water restrictions XX

12. 12 Thank you Contact: pierre@erc.uct.ac.za

13. 13 Potential for policy intervention lNational level: lBest placed for Supply Side Management lMechanisms to leverage capital finance lRegional and cross catchment planning lIncentives for water related skills education lTechnical support to local municipalities lLocal level: lBest placed for Demand Side Management lDemand side management policies lSet appropriate skills criteria for water managers lIntegration of climate impacts into development plans

14. 14 Results from simple MCA (2)

15. 15 Screening criteria for assessing the strategies 1. Additional yield / saving How will the intervention impact on water supply through additional yield and/or savings? 2. Technology required Is the technology for the intervention readily available? 3. Additional capital expenditure Will the intervention require additional capital expenditure? 4. Additional running costs Will the intervention incur additional running costs? 5. Local employment To what extent will the intervention impact on job creation? 6. Local capacity to implement What level is the institutional capacity currently at with respect to the intervention? 7. Acceptability to local community What is the consumer acceptability of this intervention in terms of additional cost to them and convenience? 8. Impact on local water resources What impact will the intervention have on the water resources and the environment in the area? 9. Long term applicability What is the period of impact of the intervention? (short - long term)