1. CHEMICAL REGULATION

2. CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS – HORMONE A REGULATORY CHEMICAL THAT TRAVELS IN THE BLOOD FROM ITS PRODUCTION SITE AND AFFECTS OTHER SITES IN THE BODY – ENDOCRINE GLANDS ORGANS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES – TARGET CELLS CELLS THAT RESPOND TO A HORMONE

3. CHEMICAL REGULATION CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS – NEUROSECRETORY CELL SPECIALIZED NERVE CELL THAT, IN ADDITION TO CONDUCTING NERVE SIGNALS, MAKES AND SECRETES HORMONES – NEUROTRANSMITTERS CHEMICALS THAT CARRY INFORMATION FROM ONE NERVE CELL TO ANOTHER, OR FROM A NERVE CELL TO ANOTHER KIND OF CELL THAT WILL REACT, SUCH AS A MUSCLE CELL OR AN ENDOCRINE CELL – LOCAL REGULATOR SECRETED INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND AFFECTS CELLS VERY NEAR THE POINT OF SECRETION EXAMPLE: PROSTAGLANDINS

4. CHEMICAL REGULATION ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – THE BODY’S MAIN CHEMICAL-REGULATING SYSTEM – WORKS CLOSELY WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

5. CHEMICAL REGULATION

7. HORMONES AFFECT TARGET CELLS BY TWO MAIN SIGNALING MECHANISMS – STEROID HORMONES STEROID HORMONES – NON-STEROID HORMONES NON-STEROID HORMONES

8. CHEMICAL REGULATION NON-STEROID HORMONES NON-STEROID HORMONES – HORMONE ATTACHES TO RECEPTOR ON CELL MEMBRANE; BINDING OCCURS OUTSIDE OF CELL – EX. EPINEPHRINE (A.K.A. ADRENALINE) – INITIATES A SIGNAL- TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY – ALWAYS MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS (PROTEIN BASED) STEROID HORMONES – LIPIDS MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL – EX. TESTOSTERONE – HORMONE-RECEPTOR COMPLEX ACTS BY TURNING GENES ON OR OFF

9. CHEMICAL REGULATION HORMONES CAN BIND TO A VARIETY OF RECEPTORS – EPINEPRHINE CAUSES GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN IN LIVER, BUT MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN HEART CELLS

10. CHEMICAL REGULATION OVERVIEW: THE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF MORE THAN A DOZEN MAJOR GLANDS – PINEAL GLAND OUTGROWTH OF BRAIN THAT SECRETES MELATONIN; NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD – THYMUS CLOSELY LINKED TO IMMUNE SYSTEM; STIMULATES T CELL DEVELOPMENT

11. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS – HYPOTHALAMUS MASTER CONTROL CENTER OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PART OF THE BRAIN ITS ENDOCRINE SIGNALS DIRECTLY CONTROLS THE PITUITARY GLAND

12. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS – PITUITARY CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT PARTS POSTERIOR PITUITARY – COMPOSED OF NERVOUS TISSUE, AN EXTENSION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS; STORES AND SECRETES HORMONES MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS

13. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS – PITUITARY CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT PARTS ANTERIOR PITUITARY – COMPOSED OF NON-NERVOUS, GLANDULAR TISSUE; SYNTHESIZES ITS OWN HORMONES

14. CHEMICAL REGULATION

15. HYPOTHALAMUS AFFECTS THE PITUITARY IN TWO WAYS – RELEASING HORMONES CAUSES THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO SECRETE HORMONES – INHIBITING HORMONES CAUSES THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO STOP SECRETING HORMONES

16. CHEMICAL REGULATION HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS BODY TEMPERATURE BY – SECRETING TSH-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) WHICH CAUSES – ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO SECRETE THYROID- STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) WHICH CAUSES – THRYOID TO SECRETE THYROXINE THYROXINE  INCREASES METABOLIC RATE, WARMING BODY

17. CHEMICAL REGULATION HYPOTHALAMUS/ POSTERIOR PITUITARY – ENDOCRINE FUNCTION INCLUDES OXYTOCIN – CAUSES UTERINE MUSCLE CONTRACTION DURING CHILDBIRTH, MAMMARY GLANDS TO PUMP MILK ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) – HELPS KIDNEY CELLS REABSORB WATER (COLLECTING DUCT OF THE NEPHRON) ANTERIOR PITUITARY – THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) – ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) – FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) – LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) – PROLACTIN – ENDORPHINS NATURAL “OPIATE”; PAIN INHIBITOR / PLEASURE INDUCER

18. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE THYROID REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM – THYROID GLAND LOCATED JUST UNDER THE VOICE BOX THYROXINE – HORMONE PRODUCED BY THYROID GLAND – CONTAINS 4 IODINE ATOMS

19. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE THYROID REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM – HYPERTHYROIDISM CAN LEAD TO OVERHEATING, PROFUSE SWEATING, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, WEIGHT LOSS, IRRITABILITY – HYPOTHYROIDISM CAUSE WEIGHT GAIN, LETHARGY, INTOLERANCE TO COLD – GOITER UNTREATED DIETARY DISORDER LEADS TO AN ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID; RESULTS FROM IODINE DEFICIENCY

20. CHEMICAL REGULATION

21. HORMONES FROM THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS MAINTAIN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS – 4 PARATHYROID GLANDS EMBEDDED IN THE SURFACE OF THE THYROID

22. CHEMICAL REGULATION HORMONES FROM THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS MAINTAIN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS – CALCITONIC FROM THYROID – PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) FROM PARATHYROID **ANTAGONISTIC HORMONES  HORMONES THAT HAVE OPPOSITE EFFECTS

23. CHEMICAL REGULATION PANCREATIC HORMONES MANAGE CELLULAR FUEL – PANCREAS PRODUCES TWO HORMONES THAT PLAY A LARGE ROLE IN MANAGING THE BODY’S ENERGY SUPPLIES

24. CHEMICAL REGULATION PANCREATIC HORMONES MANAGE CELLULAR FUEL – INSULIN LOWERS BLOOD-SUGAR LEVEL PRODUCED BY ISLET CELLS – SPECIALIEZ CELLS OF PANCREAS – GLUCAGAON RAISES BLOOD-SUGAR LEVEL BY BREAKING DOWN GLYCOGEN PRODUCED BY ALPHA CELLS – SPECIALIZED CELLS OF PANCREAS

25. CHEMICAL REGULATION DIABETES IS A COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDER – DIABETES MELLITUS A SERIOUS HORMONAL DISEASE IN WHICH THE BODY CELLS ARE UNABLE TO ABSORB GLUOCSE FROM THE BLOOD TYPE I (BORN WITH IT) – AUTOIMMUNE; IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS AND KILLS BETA (ISLET ISLET CELLS) TYPE II (DEVELOP IT LATER IN LIFE) – BODY CELLS FAIL TO RESPOND TO INSULIN HYPOGLYCEMIA – OVERPRODUCTION OF INSULIN; BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS DROP TOO LOW AFTER A MEAL

26. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE ADRENAL GLANDS MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS – 2 ADRENAL GLANDS SITTING ATOP THE KIDNEYS – ADRENAL GLAND IS ACTUALLY TWO GLANDS IN ONE ADRENAL MEDULLA ADRENAL CORTEX

27. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE ADRENAL GLAND MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS – ADRENAL MEDULLA INVOLVED IN FLIGHT-OR- FLIGHT REFLX PRODUCES EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN) AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE (NOR-ADRENALIN)

28. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE ADRENAL GLAND MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS – ADRENAL CORTEX MORE LONG LASTING EFFECTS ACTIVATED BY ACTH RELEASED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY SYNTHESIZES CORTICOSTEROIDS – 2 TYPES » MINERALOCORTICOIDS CONTROL SALT AND WATER BALANCE » GLUCOCORTICOIDS AID IN MOBILIZING CELLULAR FUEL EX. CORTISONE  LESSENS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, BUT WEAKENS IMMUNE SYSTEM

29. CHEMICAL REGULATION THE GONADS SECRETE HORMONES – GONADS SEX GLANDS; SECRETE SEX HORMONES, IN ADDITION TO PRODUCING GAMETES ESTROGENS – MAINTAIN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH FEMALE FEATURES AS SMALL BODY SIZE, HIGHER-PITCHED VOICE, BREASTS, AND WIDER HIPS PROGESTINS – PRIMARILY INVOLVED IN PREPARING THE UTERUS TO SUPPORT THE EMBRYO ANDROGENS – STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (EX. TESTOSTERONE)

30. CHEMICAL REGULATION SPEAKING OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS / GONADS…AND THE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES…HOW DO BABIES GET MADE?? THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS NEXT!!!