2. Prehension  Lips, teeth, limbs, tongue (ingesta ) Mastication  Teeth  Salivary glands  Buccal  Lingual Deglutition  Pharynx  Larynx  Esophagus

3.  Herbivore  Omnivore  Carnivore Monogastric Stomach  Cardiac Sphincter  Fundus  Pyloric sphincter  Gastric Enzymes

4. Ruminant “Foregut Fermenters”  Rumen  Reticulum (“Honey comb”) food packed into balls “Chewing their cud”  Omasum (“Cannon ball”)  Abomasum (“True stomach”)

5. Small Intestines  Duodenum Liver/Gallbladder Pancreas  Jejunum  Ileum Large Intestines  Cecum  Ascending colon  Transverse colon  Descending colon Rectum Anus

6.  Esophagus  Crop (food storage with partial digestion)  Proventriculus (true stomach)  Gizzard (grinds up the seed)  Small Intestine  Ceca (microbial digestion)  Large Intestine  Cloaca (common chamber)  Vent

7. o Anorexia o Anus ◦ Ascites ◦ Cachexia ◦ Cirrhosis ◦ Constipation ◦ Coprophagia

8. ◦ Dysentery (dys = painful, enter=intestines) ◦ Emaciation ◦ Emulsification ◦ Flatulence ◦ Fistula ◦ Icterus (jaundice) ◦ Splenomegaly

9. GDV (gastric dilatation volvulus)  Symptoms: unproductive vomiting; reluctance to move; bloating  Treatment: decompress the stomach with a stomach tube, surgically attach the stomach wall to the abdominal wall

10. Displaced Abomasum  Symptoms: bloat  Treatment: trochar, surgically attach the abomasum wall to the abdominal wall

11. Gastric Ulcers: Common with animals that have been given un-buffered aspirin. Most pathologic in foals. Common in pigs, ferrets, and horses.

12. Bloat Excessive accumulation of gas in both ruminant and simple stomachs. Trocar to relieve pressure

13. Hardware Disease – perforation of the reticular wall by a metal object  Symptoms: decreased appetite, salivation, weight loss  Diagnose: put pressure between the shoulder blades and see if the animal drops to their knees  Treatment: place several magnets down the throat into the stomach

14. Ruminal Fistula Permanent opening of the rumen to the outside used to study rumen physiology and nutrition

15. Torsion of the intestine  Twisting of the intestine and cutting off blood supply  Severe abdominal cramping occur Intussuception  A segment of the intestine inverts (telescope)  Symptons include acute vomiting, severe abdominal cramping Small bowel intussusception at the jejunum area

16. Rectal prolapse  Protrusion through the anus of the rectal mucosa  Uncommon in most species but common place in the pig because of the anatomical weakness in the area and reptiles

17. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis – accumulation of fat within the liver.  Symptoms include anorexia, vomiting, lethargy Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas  cats – have no definitive symptoms  dogs – persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea

18. Colic – severe abdominal pain in horses Types of colic:  Idiopathic - no root cause determined. (over 80% of all colics)  Impaction - sand, dirt, feed, or other indigestible material.  Gas (spasmodic  Gastric rupture  Enteritis  Strangulation/torsion

19. Vomiting (emesis) – CNS reflex