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4. Contents Chapter Focus Section 1 Living in South AsiaSection 1 Section 2 People and Their EnvironmentSection 2 Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to go to the corresponding content area. Press the ESC (escape) key at any time to exit the presentation. South Asia Today

5. Indian girl celebrating the Festival of Lights Chapter Focus Introduction

6. Geographic Setting Geographic Setting The people who live in South Asia have adapted to a rich and varied geographic setting, which includes everything from isolated mountain valleys to a long coastline that is a crossroads for international trade.

7. Chapter Objectives Explain the effects of a rapidly expanding population on the environment of South Asia. Describe major economic activities in South Asia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

8. Geographic Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 People and Their Environment HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION The rapidly expanding population of South Asia is placing an ever-increasing burden on the environment. Section 1 Living in South Asia REGION In most nations of South Asia, a large majority of the people still make their living in agriculture. 

9. End of Chapter Focus

10. the industries that are developing in South Asia.  mining and fishing resources of South Asia.  Section 1-1a Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Living in South Asia Key Terms subsistence farming, jute, cash crop, green revolution Read to Discover…the major crops of South Asia. 

11. Section 1-1b Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Identify and Locate Malabar Coast, Kathmandu Valley, Chittagong  Section Objectives 1.Identify the major crops of South Asia.  2.Describe industrial development in South Asia.  3.Discuss mining and fishing resources of South Asia. Living in South Asia

12. Section 1-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Introduction Since increasing agricultural output, slowing population growth, and establishing a broad and impressive industrial base, India now ranks among the world’s top 12 producers of goods and services.  However, India continues to have one of the world’s lowest per capita incomes–about $380 a year. In recent years the governments of several South Asian nations have made tremendous progress toward modernizing their economies. 

13. Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Agriculture Most people in South Asia make their living by farming.  HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Most people practice subsistence farming–managing to produce just what they need to survive–using simple tools, such as wooden harrows pulled by an ox.  Gradually, agriculture is changing as modern methods are introduced.  Some farmers now use tractors and irrigate with water pumped from electric-powered wells.

14. Section 1-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The British and the Dutch originally established the Sri Lankan plantations.  Today on plantations, skilled workers use advanced technology to produce tea, rubber, coconut, and other products for export. South Asian farms vary in size from large plantations in Sri Lanka to small plots of land in India.  Agricultural Conditions

15. In India more than one-third of the farms are small as a result of traditional inheritance practices– dividing a family’s land equally among all the family’s sons.  Section 1-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A family may own several such plots, scattered around the village where the family lives, making farming difficult.  In an attempt to solve this problem, some states in India have passed laws establishing a minimum size for farms. Agricultural Conditions (cont.)

16. Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. India is the world’s second-largest producer of rice.  Tiny Bangladesh (about the size of Iowa) ranks fourth.  Rice is grown chiefly in the tropical rain forest climate of the Ganges Delta and along the Malabar Coast.  Wheat is a major crop of the Indo- Gangetic Plain and is the chief crop of the Indus Valley of Pakistan. The major food crop grown in South Asia is rice.  A Variety of Crops

17. Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Jute, a fiber used to make string and cloth, is the major cash crop of Bangladesh.  Cotton is an important fiber crop for South Asia, India, and Pakistan.  India is one of the world’s largest producers of bananas, while citrus fruits are grown in the steppe areas of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Peanuts grown along the western coast of the peninsula are another important crop.  A Variety of Crops (cont.)

18. Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. When workers on the Indian tea plantations began demanding better working conditions, the British set up new plantations in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).  When Sri Lanka gained its independence in 1948, the British planters moved on once again, but the plantations remain. India and Sri Lanka are two of the world’s largest producers of tea, which was originally grown in China and introduced to India by British planters.  A Variety of Crops (cont.)

19. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The conflict–between growing the food crops a nation’s people need to survive physically and growing the cash crops the country needs in order to survive in the global economy– exists throughout South Asia, as in many developing regions. Sri Lanka’s dependence on the cash crops of tea and rubber forces it to import great quantities of rice to meet its people’s food needs.  A Variety of Crops (cont.)

20. Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Although government leaders, especially in India, have attempted to slow the population growth rate, they realize that agricultural production must rise dramatically to adequately feed their people.  Government programs throughout South Asia are training farmers to use modern technology, focusing on irrigation, insect control, and fertilization. At the present growth rate, the population of South Asia will double in less than 40 years.  Improved Agricultural Practices

21. Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In places where agriculture is dependent on the monsoon rains, growing more than one crop in a year is difficult.  Farmers who have used traditional methods for centuries may be reluctant to experiment with new techniques, and subsistence farmers have little room for error in their lives. In some areas farmers are taught to plant two or more crops on the same piece of land in a single year.  Improved Agricultural Practices (cont.)

22. Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Agricultural research stations in Bhutan have led to the establishment of very successful fruit orchards.  The Sri Lankan government has encouraged rice production by paying high prices for rice and establishing new irrigation programs. Education and government leadership are crucial to change attitudes and to teach specific new techniques.  Improved Agricultural Practices (cont.)

23. Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Rice and wheat production increased, but these new varieties are more susceptible to disease and require expensive fertilizers and much irrigation.  The green revolution has allowed countries such as India to store surpluses and even export grain. In the 1960s plant breeders began to develop new and more productive varieties of rice, wheat, and maize–an achievement called green revolution.  Improved Agricultural Practices (cont.)

24. Chart Supplement 1.1

25. Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mining and Fishing Because South Asia consists of a peninsula and islands, fish are an important resource.  HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Mining is also an important source of income.

26. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mining India produces large amounts of mica, coal, and iron ore and has significant deposits of bauxite, silver, and copper.  Pakistan has some natural-gas deposits.  Precious stones such as sapphires and rubies are mined in Sri Lanka.  Bhutan possesses coal, lead, marble, zinc, and copper. Most of the mining takes place on the Indo-Gangetic Plain and in eastern India. 

27. Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Fishing Fresh and dried fish, lobster, and shrimp are important exports of Pakistan.  In Bangladesh, fish are a primary food source for many people.  The majority of farmers in rural Bangladesh fish during the flood season.  Bangladesh’s new commercial fisheries industry is very successful. Fishing is an important industry in Sri Lanka and Pakistan. 

28. Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industrial Growth The pace of industrialization varies in South Asia.  MOVEMENT Industries have traditionally been heavily regulated by the government.  In India, an easing of government regulations in the 1980s led to a surge in development.  Government policy in Bhutan is to encourage development but to proceed very slowly, so that the nation’s cultural heritage and natural resources are carefully preserved.

29. Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Light Industry Textile manufacturing is, and has been, India’s most important industry.  The textile industry employs roughly 24 million people and produces cotton, wool, and silk that is embroidered, woven, painted, and tie-dyed.  The garment industry in Bangladesh is also thriving. Within just 10 years, profits had soared to $450 million. Light industry involves the production of consumer goods, such as bicycles, televisions, and textiles. 

30. Throughout South Asia many goods are manufactured by workers at home, such as fabrics, shoes, jewelry, brassware, woodcarvings, furniture, bowls, and other goods.  Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Light Industry (cont.) South Asia also has a number of privately-owned small industries– generally plants that employ fewer than 100 workers and use simple machinery to make bicycle parts, shoes, and carpets.

31. South Asia also has large-scale industries that specialize in heavy industrial production related to mining, electric power, and iron and steel manufacturing.  Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Heavy Industry India manufactures steel, cement, and heavy machinery.  Bangladesh produces cement, iron, and steel. It melts down and reuses steel from one of its most unusual industries– shipbreaking.

32. Section 1-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Heavy Industry (cont.) When India moved to a free market economy in the early 1990s, more than 200 of its large-scale industries were owned solely by the government.  Since 1992, however, foreign investment has been encouraged, and products may be sold under their own brand names. Manufacturing is not an important part of the economy of Sri Lanka or Bhutan. 

33. Section 1-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Tourism Tourists go to Nepal to hunt, photograph wildlife, and climb or trek in the Himalayas.  Tourists go to exotic Bhutan, but their activities are carefully controlled by the government.  Sri Lanka has many beautiful attractions, but continuing violence between the Sinhalese and the Tamils has drastically reduced tourism on the island. Tourism is important to the economies of several South Asian nations. 

34. Map Supplement 1.1

35. Section 1-Assessment 1 What areas in India and Pakistan are known for growing wheat? The Indo-Gangetic Plain in India and the Indus Valley in Pakistan are known for growing wheat. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

36. Section 1-Assessment 2 Compare and contrast industrial development in India and Bhutan. The British industrialization of India grew rapidly in the 1980s after government deregulation. Isolated until recently, Bhutan’s government regulates its development. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

37. End of Section 1

38. how both deforestation and reforestation are occurring.  how water use is changing.  how activities such as tourism affect the environment.  Section 2-1a People and Their Environment Key Terms deforestation, trekker, mangrove tree, Chipko Read to Discover…how people have affected South Asia’s wildlife.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

39. Section 2-1b Identify and Locate Sundarbans, Uttar Pradesh, Narmada River basin  Section Objectives 1.Explain how people have affected South Asia’s wildlife.  2.Discuss deforestation and reforestation in South Asia.  3.Describe how water use is changing in South Asia.  4.Discuss how activities such as tourism affect the environment. People and Their Environment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

40. Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Introduction The interaction between humans and the environment is especially intense because much of South Asia is so densely populated. The environment of South Asia is affected by human beings. 

41. Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Forests of South Asia Centuries ago much of South Asia was covered with forests.  HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Over time, much forestland has been converted into farmland or pastureland and has been cut for firewood and shelter.  If South Asia’s population continues to expand at its present rate, many experts doubt that these forests can be preserved, pointing out the severe effects of deforestation–the loss of forests.

42. One expert estimates that half of the trees of northern India have been cut down in the past 30 years by commercial timbering enterprises or to make way for other businesses, such as quarrying.  Section 2-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Impoverished villagers who use the leaves as fodder for their animals have slowly killed other trees.  Almost one-third of Nepal’s forests have been cut down by farmers for farmland and grazing. Deforestation

43. Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A single trekker, or mountain hiker, may use as much firewood as 10 Sherpas.  In Bangladesh, using firewood as the main fuel has caused a severe loss of woodlands, leaving only the Chittagong Hills–home to a small number of tribal people–and the Sundarbans–swampland full of mangrove trees along the Bay of Bengal–as the only forests left. Tourists vastly increase the demand on firewood in Nepal and Bhutan.  Deforestation (cont.)

44. Section 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The forests in the Himalayas acted like sponges–absorbing the heavy rains in the monsoon season and gradually releasing the moisture throughout the year.  When the forests are cleared, heavy rains pour down the bare mountainsides, causing flooding and landslides. In the past, dense mangroves in the Sundarbans provided protection for the coast of Bangladesh from cyclones and tidal waves.  Effects

45. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Also, if the tropical rain forests disappear, soil erodes, and climate changes occur. Deforestation affects wildlife, as animals such as tigers and elephants are slowly forced into smaller habitats.  Effects (cont.)

46. Map Supplement 2.1

47. The government of Bhutan has taken steps to protect the nation’s trees by...  Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. –supervising control of the forests.  –limiting commercial timbering.  –training citizens in forestry.  Conservation Pine trees have been planted on Nepalese hillsides to stop erosion.  In Sri Lanka a reforestation program began in 1970, and the export of timber has been banned since 1977.

48. In India, environmental activist Sunderlal Bahaguna, a former follower of Gandhi, started the Chipko–or tree-hugger– movement, devoted to saving the remaining forests of northern India.  Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Bahaguna has had success in showing impoverished villagers that trees must be preserved if erosion and drought are to be avoided.  He convinced then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to halt commercial timbering in the Himalayan forests of Uttar Pradesh. Conservation (cont.)

49. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Many of these animals are endangered because of overhunting, deforestation, and development projects.  In recent decades, governments have created wildlife reserves with help from international organizations and have passed laws to control hunting and development. South Asia is home to spectacular wildlife, including elephants, water buffalo, and monkeys in Sri Lanka and crocodiles and Bengal tigers in Bangladesh.  Wildlife

50. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Water In South Asia, in relation to water, humans and the environment affect each other.  HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION The people build dams, irrigate, pollute, and change the courses of rivers and the effects of the monsoons.

51. Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Built in the 1970s, the Tarbela Dam of Pakistan is the world’s largest earthen dam, controlling floods and holding water in reserve for irrigating Pakistan’s crops during the driest months.  In building a dam, however, land must be flooded, wildlife displaced, and plant life destroyed. Dams play a crucial role in irrigating dry areas, regulating the flow of water, and producing hydroelectric power.  Dams

52. Section 2-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In a country such as India, where many people consider the rivers holy, dams are seen as interfering with the spiritual force of the water. Dams trap silt that would otherwise flow downstream, and dam reservoirs can be a source of waterborne disease.  Dams (cont.)

53. Section 2-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Supporters point out that the dams will generate large amounts of electricity, irrigate millions of acres of cropland, and control flooding during the monsoon months.  Opposition includes environmental activists and thousands of tribal people who will be forced out of their villages when flooding begins. Plans to build dams in India’s Narmada River basin have met with both intense excitement and violent disapproval.  Narmada River Project

54. Section 2-Review 1 Where can the Bengal tiger still be found? The Bengal tiger can still be found in Bangladesh. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

55. Section 2-Review 2 Why is it important for South Asians to preserve their forests? Forests protect topsoil, provide habitat for wildlife, and produce wood for fuel and shelter. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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57. Summary 1 Section 1 Summary Main food crops include rice and wheat; main cash crops include jute and tea.  Mining, fishing, and tourism are significant sources of income in the region.  Industry–both light and heavy–is expanding in the region. Agricultural advances are helping South Asia produce enough food for its expanding population.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

58. Summary 2 Section 2 Summary Deforestation can lead to flooding, landslides, loss of valuable topsoil, loss of habitat for animals, and climate changes.  Governments and individuals throughout South Asia are attempting to conserve and replant forests. Much of South Asia has been deforested by human beings seeking wood for fuel and shelter, and land for farming and grazing.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

59. Summary 3 Section 2 Summary (cont.) Water usage is controversial in South Asia for many reasons; dams are needed to control flooding and provide water for irrigation, but they also cause environmental problems. Despite the loss of many animals due to overhunting and habitat loss, South Asians are working to maintain existing species in wildlife preserves and elsewhere.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

60. A fiber used to make rope and cloth is ___. Chapter Assessment (1) jute Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Something grown to make money rather than to use for one’s own survival is known as a ________. cash crop The development and use of new, high-yield grains is called the ____________. green revolution

61. Chapter Assessment (2) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A mountain hiker is known as a ______. trekker ____________ grow in the swamplands of Bangladesh. Mangrove trees A movement to save the forests of northern India is called _____. Chipko The loss of all trees in an area is called __________. deforestation

62. Chapter Assessment (3) The majority make their living in agriculture. How do the majority of people in South Asia make their living? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

63. Chapter Assessment (4) It is endangered because of a rapidly changing environment in forested areas. Why is the Bengal tiger endangered? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

64. Chapter Assessment (5) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. 1.Calcutta 2.Arabian Sea 3.Kathmandu Valley 4.Narmada River 5.Indus Valley 6.Ganges River 7.Indo-Gangetic Plain 8.Malabar Coast 9.Bay of Bengal 10.Himalayas Match the letters on the map with the places and physical features of South Asia.

65. What are the arguments for and against building dams in South Asia? Chapter Bonus Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Dams control floods, provide water for irrigation during dry months, and produce hydroelectricity. When dams are built, people are forced out of areas because of flooding. Wildlife is displaced, and plant life is destroyed. Dam reservoirs can be a source of disease.

66. End of Chapter Assessment

67. Goto Contents

68. Social Studies Skills 1 Technology Skills Using a Spreadsheet After listening to the introduction, take a few moments to read “Reviewing the Skill” on page 522 in your textbook.

69. Social Studies Skills 2 1.Open a new spreadsheet file.  Technology Skills Using a Spreadsheet Bangl. Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lan. U.S. NationGNP Per Popula. Life Life Capitamid-1988 Expect. Expect. (U.S. $) (millions) Male Female 260 390 380 210 480 740 28,020 123.4 0.8 988.7 23.7 141.9 18.9 270.2 59 NA 59 55 58 70 73 58 NA 59 54 59 74 79 2.Type the information in columns A through E as shown below:

70. Social Studies Skills 3 3.Delete the information about the United States.  Bangl. Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lan. NationGNP Per Popula. Life Life Capitamid-1988 Expect. Expect. (U.S. $) (millions) Male Female 260 390 380 210 480 740 123.4 0.8 988.7 23.7 141.9 18.9 59 NA 59 55 58 70 58 NA 59 54 59 74 4.Type the following information into cell B10 to calculate the total GNP per capita for the South Asian countries listed: “=B4+B5+B6+B7+B8+B9.” =B4… Technology Skills Using a Spreadsheet

71. Social Studies Skills 4 5.In cell C10, use the AutoSum function (  ) to calculate total population in millions for South Asia.  Bangl. Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lan. NationGNP Per Popula. Life Life Capitamid-1988 Expect. Expect. (U.S. $) (millions) Male Female 260 390 380 210 480 740 123.4 0.8 988.7 23.7 141.9 18.9 59 NA 59 55 58 70 58 NA 59 54 59 74 6.Print your results and share them with the class. =B4… Technology Skills Using a Spreadsheet =(  ) …

72. End of Social Studies Skills

73. MindJogger Disc 4 Side A Chapter 25 Use the MindJogger videoquiz as a preview, review, or both. Click the Videodisc button to play the MindJogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system.

74. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Cyberlink Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Presentation Plus! Web site. At this site, you will find a complete list of Web sites correlated with the chapters in the Glencoe World Geography textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.glencoe.com/geography/cyberlinks

75. Explore online news resources to find out what is currently happening in the United States and around the world. Current Events Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe Current Events Web site. At this site, you will find numerous links to different news agencies. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/currentevents

76. Section Focus 1

77. Section Focus 1 (Answers)

78. Section Focus 2

79. Section Focus 2 (Answers)

80. Extra Credit Choose one country in South Asia you would like to visit. 1.Plan an itinerary that includes methods of travel, cities, and places of interest. 2.Prepare a map showing your proposed travel route. 3.Create an illustrated brochure describing your trip.

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