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Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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21.1 The Spirochetes Gram-negative human pathogens
Free living saprobes, or commensals of animals, not primary pathogens Treponema Leptospira Borrelia
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Figure 21.1 Typical spirochete
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Genus Treponema Thin, regular, coiled cells
Live in the oral cavity, intestinal tract, and perigenital regions of humans and animals Pathogens are strict parasites with complex growth requirements Require live cells for cultivation
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Treponema Pallidum: The Spirochete of Syphilis
Human is the natural host Extremely fastidious and sensitive; cannot survive long outside of the host Sexually transmitted and transplacental
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Pathogenesis and Host Response
Spirochete binds to epithelium (mucous membrane or abraded skin), multiplies, and penetrates capillaries Moves into circulation and multiplies Untreated syphilis marked by 3 clinical stages: Primary, secondary, tertiary Spirochete appears in lesions and blood during first 2 stages – communicable
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Primary syphilis – appearance of hard chancre at site of inoculation; chancre heals spontaneously
Secondary syphilis – fever, headache, sore throat, red or brown rash on skin, palms, and soles; rash disappears spontaneously Tertiary syphilis – about 30% of infections enter in tertiary stage; can last for 20 years or longer; numerous pathologic complications occur in susceptible tissues and organs Neural, cardiovascular symptoms, gummas develop Congenital syphilis – nasal discharge, skin eruptions, bone deformation, nervous system abnormalities
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Figure 21.3 Primary syphilis lesion, chancre
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Figure 21.4 Symptom of secondary syphilis
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Figure 21.5 and 21.6 Manifestations of syphilis
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Figure 21.7 Congenital syphilis
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Diagnosis and Treatment
Stages of syphilis mimic other diseases Consider symptoms, history, microscopic, and serological testing RPR, VDRL, FTA-ABS Treatment: penicillin G
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Figure 21.8 Treponema pallidum
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Nonsyphilitic Treponematoses
Resemble syphilis; rarely transmitted sexually or congenitally; cutaneous and bone diseases endemic to specific regions Bejel – T. pallidum subspecies endemicum; deforming childhood infection of the mouth, nasal cavity, body, and hands Yaws – T. pallidum subspecies pertenue; invasion of skin cut, causing a primary ulcer that seeds a second crop of lesions Pinta – T. carateum; superficial skin lesion that depigments and scars the skin
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Figure 21.9 Endemic treponematoses
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Leptospira and Leptospirosis
Tight, regular individual coils with a bend or hook at one or both ends L. biflexa – harmless, free-living saprobe L. interrogans – causes leptospirosis, a zoonosis Bacteria shed in urine; infection occurs by contact with contaminated urine; targets kidneys, liver, brain, eyes Sudden high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and vomiting Long-term infections may affect kidneys and liver 50-60 cases a year in U.S.
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Borrelia: Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes
Large, 3-10 coils irregularly spaced Borrelioses transmitted by arthropod vector B. hermsii – relapsing fever B. burgdorferi – Lyme disease
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B. Hermsii – Relapsing Fever
Mammalian reservoirs – squirrels, chipmunks, wild rodents Tick-borne After 2-15-day incubation, patients have high fever, shaking, chills, headache, and fatigue Nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, abdominal pain; extensive damage to liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and cranial nerves Parasite changes and immune system tries to control it – Recurrent relapses Tetracycline
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Figure 21.10 Pattern in relapsing fever
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B. Burgdorferi – Lyme Disease
Carried by white-footed mouse, transmitted by Ixodes ticks Complex 2-year cycle involving mice and deer Nonfatal, slowly progressive syndrome that mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions 50-70% get bull’s eye rash Fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness If untreated can progress to cardiac and neurological symptoms, polyarthritis Tetracycline, amoxicillin Vaccine for dogs, human vaccine discontinued Insect repellant containing DEET
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Figure 21.11 Cycle of Lyme disease
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Figure 21.12 Views of Lyme disease skin rash
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21.2 Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria and Enteric Diseases
Three genera: Vibrio – comma-shaped rods, single polar flagellum Campylobacter – short spirals or curved rods; one flagellum Helicobacter – spirochete with tight spirals and several polar flagella
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Vibrio Cholera Comma-shaped, possess unique O and H Ags
El Tor biotype: survives longer, more infectious Infectious dose 108 Infects mucous barrier of small intestine, noninvasive Cholera toxin causes electrolyte and water loss through secretory diarrhea, “rice water stool”; resulting dehydration leads to muscle, circulatory, and neurological symptoms Treatment: oral rehydration, tetracycline Vaccine available
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Figure 21.14 (a-b) Alterations in intestinal function caused by cholera toxin
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Figure 21.14 (c) Alterations in intestinal function caused by cholera toxin
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Pathogens Carried by Seafood
Salt-tolerant inhabitants of coastal waters, associate with marine invertebrates Vibrio parahaemolyticus – gastroenteritis from raw seafood; symptoms similar to cholera Vibrio vulnificus – gastroenteritis from raw oysters; serious complications in persons with diabetes or liver disease Treatment – fluid and electrolyte replacement; occasionally antimicrobials
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Diseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios
Campylobacters – slender, curved, or spiral bacilli, often S-shaped or gull-winged pairs Polar flagella Common residents of the intestinal tract, genitourinary tract, the oral cavity of birds and mammals Most important: Campylobacter jejuni C. fetus
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Campylobacter Jejuni Enteritis
Important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis Transmitted by beverages and food Reach mucosa at the last segment of small intestine near colon; adhere, burrow through mucus and multiply Heat-labile enterotoxin CJT stimulates a secretory diarrhea like that of cholera Symptoms of headache, fever, abdominal pain, bloody or watery diarrhea Treatment with rehydration and electrolyte balance therapy
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Campylobacter fetus – opportunistic pathogen that infects debilitated persons or women late in pregnancy Meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis, septicemia in the newborn
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Helicobacter Pylori: Gastric Pathogen
Curved cells discovered in 1979 in stomach biopsied specimens Causes 90% of stomach and duodenal ulcers; apparent cofactor in stomach cancer People with type O blood have a 1.5-2X higher rate of ulcers Produces urease which converts urea into ammonium and bicarbonate
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Figure 21.16 The causative agent of stomach ulcers
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21.3 Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology and Biology
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Family Rickettsiaceae
Contains about 23 species of pathogens, mainly in the genus Rickettsia Cause diseases called rickettsioses All are intracellular parasites requiring live cells for cultivation Spend part of their life cycle in arthropod vectors Rickettsioses are important emerging diseases
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Rickettsia Obligate intracellular parasites Gram-negative cell wall
Among the smallest bacteria Nonmotile pleomorphic rods or coccobacilli Ticks, fleas, and lice are involved in their life cycle Bacteria enter endothelial cells and cause necrosis of the vascular lining – vasculitis, vascular leakage, and thrombosis
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Specific Rickettsioses
Epidemic typhus – R. prowazekii carried by lice; starts with a high fever, chills, headache, rash; Brill-Zinsser is a chronic, recurrent form Endemic typhus – R. typhi, harbored by mice and rats; occurs sporadically in areas of high flea infestation; milder symptoms Rocky Mountain spotted fever – R. rickettsii zoonosis carried by dog and wood ticks; most cases in Southeast and on eastern seaboard; distinct spotted rash; may damage heart and CNS Ehrlichia genus contains 2 species of rickettsias; tick-borne bacteria cause human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichiosis
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Figure 21.18 Trends in infection for Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Figure 21.19 Transmission cycle in Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Figure Rash in RMSF
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Related to the Rickettsioses
Coxiella burnetti Bartonella sp.
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Coxiella Burnetti Causes Q fever Intracellular parasite
Produces an unusual resistant spore Harbored by a wide assortment of vertebrates and arthropods Infectious material includes urine, feces, milk, and airborne particles Usually inhaled causing pneumonitis, fever, hepatitis Tetracycline treatment Vaccine available
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Bartonella Species Small gram-negative, fastidious, cultured on blood agar Cause: Trench fever, spread by lice Cat-scratch disease, a lymphatic infection associated with a clawing injury by cats Bacillary angiomatosus in AIDS patients Tetracycline, erythromycin, and rifampin
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Figure 21.22 Cat-scratch disease
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The Chlamydiaceae Obligate intracellular parasites
Small, gram-negative cell wall Alternate between 2 stages: Elementary body – small metabolically inactive, extracellular, infectious form released by the infected host Reticulate body – noninfectious, actively dividing form, grows within host cell vacuoles
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Figure 21.23 Life cycle of Chlamydia
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Chlamydia Trachomatis
Human reservoir 2 strains Trachoma – attacks the mucous membranes of the eyes, genitourinary tract, and lungs Ocular trachoma – severe infection, deforms eyelid and cornea, may cause blindness Inclusion conjunctivitis – occurs as baby passes through birth canal; prevented by prophylaxis STD – second most prevalent STD; urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis (PID), infertility, scarring Lymphogranuloma venereum – disfiguring disease of the external genitalia and pelvic lymphatics
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Figure 21.24 The pathology of primary ocular chlamydial infection
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Figure 21.26 Diagnosis of chlamydial infection
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Chlamydophila – A New Genus
Contains members that used to be members of genus Chlamydia Chlamydophila pneumoniae – causes an atypical pneumonia that is serious in asthma patients C. psittaci – causes ornithosis, a zoonosis transmitted to humans from bird vectors; highly communicable among all birds; pneumonia or flulike infection with fever, lung congestion
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21.4 Molliculites and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria
Called mycoplasmas Naturally lack cell walls, highly pleomorphic Require special lipids from host membranes Treated with tetracycline, erthyromycin M. pneumoniae – primary atypical pneumonia; pathogen slowly spreads over interior respiratory surfaces, causing fever, chest pain, and sore throat M. genitalium and Ureplasma urealyticum – weak sexually transmitted pathogens
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Figure 21.27 The morphology of mycoplasmas
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Bacteria That Have Lost Their Cell Walls
Exposure to certain drugs or enzymes can result in cell wall-deficient bacteria called L forms or L-phase Induced or occur spontaneously May be involved in some chronic diseases L- phase variants of group A streptococci, Proteus, and Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
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21.5 Bacteria in Dental Disease
Oral cavity is a complex, dynamic ecosystem, containing 400 species Dental caries – slow progressive infection of irregular areas of enamel surface Begins with colonization by slime-forming species of Streptococcus and cross adherence with Actinomyces Process forms layer of thick, adherent material (plaque) that harbors masses of bacteria which produce acid that dissolves enamel
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3. If plaque is allowed to stay, secondary invaders appear – Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Treponema 4. Acid dissolves tooth enamel leading to caries and tooth damage
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Figure 21.28 The anatomy of a tooth
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Figure 21.29 Events leading to dental caries, periodontal disease, and bone loss
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Figure 21.30 Stages in the formation of plaque and dental caries
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Periodontal Disease Soft tissue disease
When plaque becomes calcified into calculus above and below the gingiva This irritates tender gingiva causing inflammation – Gingivitis Pockets between tooth and gingiva are invaded by bacteria (spirochetes and gram-negative bacilli) Tooth socket may be involved (peridontitis) Tooth may be lost
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Plaque and Calculus
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Figure 21.33 Stages in soft-tissue infection, gingivitis, and periodontitis
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Figure 21.34 Exudate from a gingival pocket
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