1. Chapter 25 AP Notes

2.  1880 – 72% of the population lived on farms  1910 – 54% lived on farms  Today – 3% live on farms  1880-1920 population shifted in the U.S. from primarily agrarian to urban  This trend, coupled with increased immigration, greatly affected the cities

3.  Mechanization on the farms – men’s work  Factories produced more goods that women once produced  Rural women went to the cities to find work

4.  Began to migrate to southern urban centers from rural South  Racial violence  Segregation policies  Boll weevil destroyed cotton crops  Floods in Mississippi and Alabama

5.  Before the Civil War people lived at or near their work – “walking cities”  After the Civil War people began to use horse-drawn streetcars. Those who could afford to moved to the suburbs  Movement out of the cities was helped by cable cars, electric trolleys, elevated trains, automobiles, and subways

6.  Before C.W. – no higher than 5 stories  After C.W. – steam driven elevators and steel girders permitted the construction of sky scrapers  Specialized areas – 1 area for banking, law offices, and government offices, 1 area for retail, and 1 area for industrial

7.  Slums, overcrowded, rats  Poor sanitation and disease, soot (coal furnaces), open sewers, backyard privies  Crime  Neighborhoods declined

11.  Cholera, malaria, diphtheria, typhoid epidemics  NYC tenements 6 out of 10 infants died in their 1 st year

12.  Buildings close  Coal furnaces  No fire safety  Chicago 1871  Boston 1872

13.  NY street gangs  Crime flourished  Poverty

14.  Sections of cities in which certain ethnic or racial groups lived  By choice: immigrants sought to live with others from their same country  Necessity: through threat or economic necessity – boundaries defined  Real estate restrictions – covenants – can’t sell property to anyone from a certain racial or ethnic group

16.  People separated – widening gap  Wealthy  suburbs  Poor stayed behind  Wealthy were not aware of the poverty

17.  As cities expanded there was a need for more services (fire, police, hospitals, sanitation, water, health dept., electric, transportation, schools).  Cities raised taxes and set up offices  Remaining middle and upper classes struggled with working class for control  Old immigrants vs. new immigrants

18.  Machines – unofficial-designed to keep a particular group or party in office  Headed by a boss – who sometimes held public office – however, he usually picked others to run and helped them win.  Ward leaders – administered a district – assisted the boss by handing out city jobs and contracts – did favors for the residents

19.  In return, residents supported the machine on election day  Machines controlled jobs and city contract work (gave the leaders access to graft money under the table in return for favors)  Immigrants voted for the boss and machine – made up for a lack of a welfare system  William Marcy Tweed – Tammany Hall in NYC – amassed huge amounts of money through graft and corruption

21.  Some reformers felt that problems of the cities stemmed from the presence of immigrants – wanted to limit immigration  Others objected to certain habits or behaviors – wanted to change these behaviors

22.  1865-1920 – 30 million came to U.S.  Dreams: make fortunes, free government lands, personal freedom, free public education, no conscription (draft), democratic government

23.  Steamships made the voyage faster  $15 ticket  Steerage – large open area beneath the ship’s deck: no privacy, poor food, inadequate toilet facilities

24.  Opened in 1892  Processing center for steerage passengers

25.  Had to be “fit”  Physical exams for tuberculosis or trachoma, mental illness  Make sure that they wouldn’t become a public charge

26.  Old immigration – 1865 – 1890 – From Northern Europe (England and Germany)  New immigration – 1890-1920 – From southern and eastern Europe and Middle East – Italians, Greeks, Slavs, Russian Jews, and Armenians

30.  ¼ million Chinese  Recruited to work by RR companies  Worked as indentured servants  Victims of ethnic stereotyping and racism  Unions wanted them kept out – accepted low wages

31.  Movement to restrict immigration  Chinese Exclusion Act  American Protection Society

32.  Designed to keep Asians out of the U.S.  Did not prevent entry to those who had previously established residence or who had family living in U.S.  Angel Island: detention center off coast of San Francisco – 1910

33.  Teach only American culture  Only English language in schools  Tighter rules for citizenship  Fanned the fear of “aliens”  Resent immigrants taking Am. Jobs  Limit immigration – Keep “unfit” out  Pass literacy test  Exclude new immigrants from S. and E. Europe

34.  Temperance movement  Opposed to drinking  Drinking leads to personal tragedy  Link between saloon, immigrants, and political bosses  Saloons – “social clubs” where immigrants met and picked up information about jobs and socialized

36.  As urban populations grew – vice became big business  Anthony Comstock – New York Society for the Suppression of Vice  Comstock Law – prohibited sending through the mails materials deemed to be obscene (including birth control info.) – slowed the distribution of info for decades  Attacked political machines- believed they controlled the police who profited from vice

37.  Social conscience – religious idealism  Middle and upper classes – felt they had a responsibility for poverty and to improve social conditions  Charity organization movement  Social Gospel Movement  Settlement Movement

38.  Kept files on those who received help  Make sure those who accepted aid were “worthy”  Interfered in people’s lives  Wanted immigrants to adopt American standards

39.  Sought to apply gospel of Jesus directly to society  Supported improved living conditions

40.  Reform movement  Live in poor neighborhoods to witness effects of poverty first hand  Jane Addams and Helen Gates Starr founded Hull House in Chicago

42. Jane Addams – Hull House

43.  Cultural events  Classes  Child care center  Clubs  Summer camps  Playgrounds  Employment and legal aid  Healthcare clinics

44.  Investigated city conditions – economic, political and health  Foundation for future reform  Workers – college educated women  Contribution – widen people’s perspectives on social conditions and close the gap between divisions in society  First social workers