1. Business Intelligence & Multi-Dimensional Databases Nirmal Jonnalagedda

2. Outline 1. BI: History 2. BI: Overview 3. Common Functions of BI 4. BI: What can you do with it? 5. Multidimensional Databases 6. Contrast MDD and Relational Databases 7. When is MDD (In)appropriate? 8. MDD Features 9. Pros/Cons of MDD

3. BI: History 1958 - Term first used by IBM researcher Hans Peter Luhn He defined intelligence as: “the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal” BI is understood to have evolved decision support systems (DSS) in the 1960’s In the 80’s DSS concepts evolved and split data warehouses, Executive Information Systems, OLAP

4. BI : an overview There are many different opinions Depends on where you work Generally BA is a subset of BI BI - Ability for an organization to take its capabilities and convert these things into knowledge Often includes the implementation of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Trending Analysis, Predictive Modeling

5. What does BI provide historical, current and predictive views of business operations Where does BI get this information From within your business Not necessarily focused on the actions of others Called competitive analysis End Goal : Support better decision making BI is sometimes called a decision support system (DSS)

6. BI applications can often vary in scope Can be enterprise wide, focusing on critical business applications Monitoring the popularity of a product in a nationwide grocery chain Tracking responses to mail offers and only mailing those who respond Can be department or project specific, focused on individual decisions and how those affect an organization Monitoring employee productivity and department spending

7. Common Functions of BI Reporting Online Analytical Processing Analytics Data, Process, Text Mining Complex Event Processing Business Performance Management Benchmarking Predictive, Prescriptive Analytics

8. BI : What can you do with it? Identify cost cutting ideas and practices Uncover new business opportunities React and even predict retail demand Avoid repeating costly mistakes Especially useful in large enterprises with many departments Easily correlate and group business information and metrics into an understandable format Understand customer behavior

9. Database Evolution Flat files Hierarchical and Network Relational Distributed Relational Multidimensional

10. MDDB: Why? No single "best" data structure for all applications within an enterprise Organizations have abandoned the search for the holy grail of globally accepted database Instead selecting the most appropriate data structure on a case-by-case basis from a palette of standard database structures Multidimensional Databases for OLAP?

11. From econometric research conducted at MIT in the 1960s, the multidimensional database has matured into the database engine of choice for data analysis applications Inherent ability to integrate and analyze large volumes of enterprise data Offers a good conceptual fit with the way end-users visualize business data Most business people already think about their businesses in multidimensional terms Managers tend to ask questions about product sales in different markets over specific time periods

12. Spreadsheets – A 2D database? Functionalities What about a stack of similar spreadsheets for different times? Limitations? We can not relate data in different sheets easily

13. What is a Multi-Dimensional Database? A multidimensional database (MDDB) is a computer software system designed to allow for the efficient and convenient storage and retrieval of large volumes of data that are  intimately related and  stored, viewed and analyzed from different perspectives. These perspectives are called dimensions.

14. A Motivating Example An automobile manufacturer wants to increase sale volumes by examining sales data collected throughout the organization. The evaluation would require viewing historical sales volume figures from multiple dimensions such as Sales volume by model Sales volume by color Sales volume by dealer Sales volume over time

15. Contrasting Relational and Multi- Dimensional Models The Relational Structure

16. Multidimensional Structure Measurement Dimension Positions Dimension

17. Differences between MDDB and Relational Databases Normalized RelationalMDDB Data reorganized based on query. Perspectives are placed in the fields – tells us nothing about the contents Perspectives embedded directly in the structure. Browsing and data manipulation are not intuitive to user Data retrieval and manipulation are easy Slows down for large datasets due to multiple JOIN operations needed. Fast retrieval for large datasets due to predefined structure. Flexible. Anything an MDDB can do, can be done this way. Relatively Inflexible. Changes in perspectives necessitate reprogramming of structure.

18. Contrasting Relational Model and MDD-Example 2

19. Mutlidimensional Representation

20. Viewing Data - An Example Assume that each dimension has 10 positions, as shown in the cube above How many records would be there in a relational table? Implications for viewing data from an end-user standpoint?

22. Performance Advantages Volume figure when car type = SEDAN, color=BLUE, & dealer=GLEASON? RDBMS – all 1000 records might need to be searched to find the right record MDB has more ‘knowledge’ about where the data lies Maximum of 30 position searches Average case 15 vs. 500

23. Total Sales across all colors and dealers when model = SEDAN? RDBMS – all 1000 records must be searched to get the answer MDB – Sum the contents of one 10x10 ‘slice’

24. Data manipulation that requires a minute in RDBMS may require only a few seconds in MDB MDBs are an order of magnitude faster than RDBMSs Performance benefits are more for queries that generate cross-tab views of data The performance advantages offered by multidimensional technology facilitates the development of interactive decision support applications like OLAP that can be impractical in a relational environment.

25. Real World Benefits Ease of data presentation and navigation Ease of maintenance Performance

26. Ease of Data Presentation and Navigation Intuitive spreadsheet like data views are natural output of MDDBs Obtaining the same views in a relational environment, requires either a complex SQL or a SQL generator against a RDB to convert the table outputs into a more intuitive format Even for end users well skilled in SQL, some forms of output, such as ranking reports (i.e. top ten, bottom 20%), simply cannot be performed with SQL at all!

27. Ease of Maintenance Ease of maintenance because data is stored as it is viewed No additional overhead is required to translate user queries into requests for data To provide same intuitiveness, RDBs use indexes and sophisticated joins which require significant maintenance and storage

28. Performance Multidimensional databases achieve performance levels that are difficult to match in a relational environment. These high performance levels enable and encourage OLAP applications Performance of MDBs can be matched by RDBs through database tuning Not possible to tune the database for all possible adhoc queries Tuning requires resources of an expensive DB specialist

29. Adding Dimensions- An Example

30. When is MDD (In)appropriate? First, consider situation 1

31. When is MDD (In)appropriate? Now consider situation 2 1. Set up a MDD structure for situation 1, with LAST NAME and Employee# as dimensions, and AGE as the measurement. 2. Set up a MDD structure for situation 2, with MODEL and COLOR as dimensions, and SALES VOLUME as the measurement.

32. When is MDD (In)appropriate? Note the sparseness in the second MDD representation MDD Structures for the Situations

33. When is MDD (In)appropriate? Our sales volume dataset has a great number of meaningful interrelationships Interrelationships more meaningful than individual data elements themselves. The greater the number of inherent interrelationships between the elements of a dataset, the more likely it is that a study of those interrelationships will yield business information of value to the company. Highly interrelated dataset types be placed in a multidimensional data structure for greatest ease of access and analysis

34. When is MDD (In)appropriate? No last name is matching with more than one emp # and no emp # is matching with more than one last name In contrast, there is a sales figure associated with every combination of model and color resulting in a completed filled up 3x3 matrix Performance suffers (RDB 9 vs. MDB 18)

35. When is MDD (In)appropriate? The relative performance advantages of storing multidimensional data in a multidimensional array increase as the size of the dataset increases The relative performance disadvantages of storing non-multidimensional data in a multidimensional array increase as the size of the dataset increases. NO inherent value of storing Non-multidimensional data (employee data) in multidimensional arrays

36. When is MDD (In)appropriate? The relative performance advantages of storing multidimensional data in a multidimensional array increase as the size of the dataset increases The relative performance disadvantages of storing non-multidimensional data in a multidimensional array increase as the size of the dataset increases. NO inherent value of storing Non-multidimensional data (employee data) in multidimensional arrays

37. When is MDD Appropriate? The greater the number of inherent interrelationships between the elements of a dataset, the more likely it is that a study of those interrelationships will yield business information of value to the company. Most companies have limited time and resources to devote to analyzing data It therefore becomes critical that these highly interrelated dataset types be placed in a multidimensional data structure for greatest ease of access and analysis.

38. When is MDD Appropriate? Examples of applications that are suited for multidimensional technology: Financial Analysis and Reporting Budgeting Promotion Tracking Quality Assurance and Quality Control Product Profitability Survey Analysis

39. MDD Features - Rotation Also referred to as “data slicing.” Each rotation yields a different slice or two dimensional table of data – a different face of the cube.

40. MDD Features - Rotation

41. All the six views can be obtained by simple rotation In MDBs rotations are simple as no rearrangement of data is required Rotation is also referred to as “data slicing”

42. MDD Features - Ranging How sales volume of models painted with new metallic blue compared with the sales of normal blue color models? The user knows that only Sports Coupe and Mini Van models have received the new paint treatment Also the user knows that only 2 dealers viz, Carr and Clyde have unconstrained supply of these models

43. MDD Features - Ranging The end user selects the desired positions along each dimension. Also referred to as "data dicing." The data is scoped down to a subset grouping

44. MDD Features - Ranging The reduced array can now be rotated and used in computations in the same was as the parent array Referred to as “Data Dicing” as data is scoped down to a subset grouping Complex SQL query is required in RDB Performance is better in MDB as less resource consuming searches are required

45. MDD Features - Roll-Ups & Drill Downs Users want different views of the same data For eg., Sales Volume by model vs sales volume by dealership Many times views are similar Sales volume by dealership vs. volume by district Natural relationship between Sales Volumes at the DEALERSHIP level and Sales Volumes at the DISTRICT level Sales Volumes for all the dealerships in a district sum to the Sales Volumes for that district

46. MDD Features - Roll-Ups & Drill Downs Multidimensional database technology is specially designed to facilitate the handling of natural relationships Define two related aggregates on the same dimension One aggregation is dealership and the other district District is at a higher level of aggregation than dealership

47. MDD Features - Roll-Ups & Drill Downs The figure presents a definition of a hierarchy within the organization dimension. Aggregations perceived as being part of the same dimension. Moving up and moving down levels in a hierarchy is referred to as “roll-up” and “drill-down.”

48. MDD Features - Roll-Ups & Drill Downs

49. Queries High degree of structure in MDB makes the query language very simple and efficient Query language is intuitive Output is immediately useful to end user

50. Queries: Example Display sales volume by model for each dealership PRINT TOTAL.(SALES_VOLUME KEEP MODEL DEALERSHIP)

51. Queries: Example Corresponding SQL SELECT MODEL, DEALERSHIP, SUM(SALES_VOLUME) FROM SALES_VOLUME GROUP BY MODEL, DEALERSHIP ORDER BY MODEL, DEALERSHIP

52. Queries: Example

53. Pros/Cons of MDD Cognitive Advantages for the User Ease of Data Presentation and Navigation, Time dimension Performance Less flexible Requires greater initial effort

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