1. Research Methods in Psychology

2. Do Now Which contemporary perspective of psychology do you most identify with? Why?

3. Steps to Scientific Method Observation Define problem Propose hypothesis Gather evidence Write results Build theory

4. Experiment Lingo Hypothesis Subjects: Those involved in experiment Independent variable: Will be manipulated by experimenter Dependent variable: Will be affected by independent variable

5. Our Experiment How does a full moon affect the admissions rate to a mental hospital?

6. What is our hypothesis? Hypothesis: A statement of the results the experimenter expects. The statement is an explanation of an event or relationship. There is an increase in admission to a mental hospital during a full moon.

7. A Closer Look at Variables The full moon (independent variable) Mental hospital admission rates (dependent variable) AFFECTS

8. Who are we going to test? People admitted to mental hospitals –Those who are admitted on a full moon These people ARE receiving independent variable (full moon)  EXPERIMENTAL GROUP –Those who are admitted when there is not a full moon These people ARE NOT receiving independent variable (full moon)  CONTROL GROUP

9. Test Hypothesis Randomly divide subjects Experimental Group (Exposed to independent variable) Control Group (Not exposed to independent variable)

10. Do Now What is an independent variable? What is a dependent variable? What is an experimental group?

11. People in Uniform Are people more or less likely to respond to a person in uniform? Hypothesis: Independent variable  Dependent variable  Experimental group: Control group: People are more likely to respond to someone in uniform. People in uniform Participants’ responses Participants who are approached by person in uniform. Participants who are approached by person not in uniform.

12. Milgram Experiment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpIzju84v24&feature=related Motivated by Holocaust and other atrocities mankind had carried out. –Wanted to understand how “normal” men could carry out such vicious and cruel acts.

13. Affect of Sleeping Pills Do sleeping pills help healthy people with insomnia sleep better? Hypothesis: Independent variable  Dependent variable  Experimental group: Control group: Sleeping pills will help people with insomnia sleep better.. Sleeping pills. People’s sleep Participants who take sleeping pill. Participants who take placebo.

14. 1. Testing Method Several types of test administered to measure elements of behavior Advantages: Convenient Disadvantages: Not always a complete representation of true abilities or personality

15. Four Temperaments Guardians speak mostly of their duties and responsibilities, of what they can keep an eye on and take good care of, and they're careful to obey the laws, follow the rules, and respect the rights of others. Idealists speak mostly of what they hope for and imagine might be possible for people, and they want to act in good conscience, always trying to reach their goals without compromising their personal code of ethics. Artisans speak mostly about what they see right in front of them, about what they can get their hands on, and they will do whatever works, whatever gives them a quick, effective payoff, even if they have to bend the rules. Rationals speak mostly of what new problems intrigue them and what new solutions they envision, and always pragmatic, they act as efficiently as possible to achieve their objectives, ignoring arbitrary rules and conventions if need be.

16. 2. Case-Study In-depth investigation of individual or small group Advantages: Provides insight into specific cases Disadvantages: May focus on isolated circumstance – not applicable to full population; people interviewed may distort facts of past

17. 3. Longitudinal Study A group of participants are observed in intervals over an extended period of time Advantages: Enables researchers to see change over time Disadvantages: Time-consuming, expensive; some participants may not be available through whole study

18. Affect of Violent TV on Youth 15 years  Followed 329 individuals Same 329 had been studied in 1977 –Asked about favorite violent TV show and if related to characters, situations 2002: Individuals, spouses, and friends interviewed –Found that those who were high-violence viewers were more violent

19. 4. Cross-sectional Study Researchers compare differences and similarities among people in different age groups Advantages: Less time-consuming than longitudinal Disadvantages: Differences between participants cannot necessarily be attributed to age or development

20. Language Learning You want to gain an understanding into how children learn languages You study 12, 14, and 16 month old babies

21. 5. Naturalistic-Observation Researchers observe behavior of people or animals in natural habitats Advantages: Able to observe behavior in setting that is not artificial Disadvantages: No control over setting or events that occur

22. Jane Goodall (45 year study)

23. 6. Laboratory-Observation Participants observed in lab setting Advantages: Can precisely control certain aspects of study Disadvantages: Cannot duplicate real-life environments

24. Posters! Make a poster for one of the six observation methods. You must include: –The name of the method –A description or definition of the method –A visual representation of the method –Don’t forget to put YOUR name on the poster (front or back)

25. Correlation! The relationship between variables More closely related = stronger correlation –Height is closely related to ability to reach basketball hoop  Strong correlation between height and ability to reach

26. Positive Correlation Height

27. Negative Correlation Stress

28. Does correlation = causation? In other words, if two variables are related, does that mean that one causes another? NO! Just because two things are related does not mean one causes the other.

29. Causation? You discover a positive correlation between students’ grades and their level of involvement in extracurricular activities. Earning high grades CAUSE involvement?

30. The Six Methods of Observation In your INB, make the following chart and complete by using your textbook (p. 45-48). Method of Observation DescriptionAdvantagesDisadvantages Testing Case-Study Longitudinal Cross-sectional Naturalistic- Observation Laboratory