1. Environmental Variability on Acoustic Prediction Using CASS/GRAB Nick A. Vares June 2002

2. Purpose Determine the impact of bottom type and wind variations due to limited data on bottom moored mine detection Determine the impact of bottom type and wind variations due to limited data on bottom moored mine detection Determine the significance of transducer depth on bottom moored mine detection Determine the significance of transducer depth on bottom moored mine detection

3. Relevance Littoral engagement Littoral engagement Mine warfare Mine warfare Diesel submarines Diesel submarines Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs) Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs)

4. CASS/GRAB Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System (CASS) Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System (CASS) Gaussian Ray Bundle (GRAB) Eigenray model Gaussian Ray Bundle (GRAB) Eigenray model Navy standard model for active and passive range dependent acoustic propagation, reverberation and signal excess Navy standard model for active and passive range dependent acoustic propagation, reverberation and signal excess Frequency range 600Hz to 100 kHz Frequency range 600Hz to 100 kHz

5. CASS/GRAB Model Description The CASS model is the range dependent improvement of the Generic Sonar Model (GSM). CASS performs signal excess calculations. The CASS model is the range dependent improvement of the Generic Sonar Model (GSM). CASS performs signal excess calculations. The GRAB model is a subset of the CASS model and its main function is to compute eigenrays and propagation loss as inputs in the CASS signal excess calculations. The GRAB model is a subset of the CASS model and its main function is to compute eigenrays and propagation loss as inputs in the CASS signal excess calculations.

6. Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System/Guassian Ray Bundle (CASS/GRAB) In the GRAB model, the travel time, source angle, target angle, and phase of the ray bundles are equal to those values for the classic ray path. In the GRAB model, the travel time, source angle, target angle, and phase of the ray bundles are equal to those values for the classic ray path. The main difference between the GRAB model and a classic ray path is that the amplitude of the Gaussian ray bundles is global, affecting all depths to some degree whereas classic ray path amplitudes are local. GRAB calculates amplitude globally by distributing the amplitudes according to the Gaussian equation The main difference between the GRAB model and a classic ray path is that the amplitude of the Gaussian ray bundles is global, affecting all depths to some degree whereas classic ray path amplitudes are local. GRAB calculates amplitude globally by distributing the amplitudes according to the Gaussian equation

7. Mine Hunting Sonar Generic VHF forward looking Generic VHF forward looking CASS/GRAB input file for MIW with signal excess output CASS/GRAB input file for MIW with signal excess output Generic bottom moored mine Generic bottom moored mine

8. AN/SQQ-32 Mine Hunting Sonar System The CASS/GRAB Acoustic model input file used in this study simulates a VHF forward looking sonar, similar to the Acoustic Performance of the AN/SQQ-32. The CASS/GRAB Acoustic model input file used in this study simulates a VHF forward looking sonar, similar to the Acoustic Performance of the AN/SQQ-32. The AN/SQQ-32 is the key mine hunting component of the U.S. Navy’s Mine Hunting and Countermeasure ships. The AN/SQQ-32 is the key mine hunting component of the U.S. Navy’s Mine Hunting and Countermeasure ships.

9. Detection Sonar and Classification Sonar Assembly

10. CASS/GRAB Input Parameters Bottom depth Bottom depth Target depth Target depth Transducer depth Transducer depth Wind speed Wind speed Bottom type grain size index Bottom type grain size index Frequency min/max Frequency min/max Self noise Self noise Source level Pulse length Target strength/depth Transmitter tilt angle Surface scattering /reflection model Bottom scattering /reflection model

11. Bottom Type Geoacoustic Properties

12. Bottom Type Variability Muddy sand (3.0) and sandy silt (5.0) Muddy sand (3.0) and sandy silt (5.0) Grain size index variation + 1.0 in 0.5 increments Grain size index variation + 1.0 in 0.5 increments 5.14 m/s, - 4 0, bottom 30 m, transducer 5.18 m 5.14 m/s, - 4 0, bottom 30 m, transducer 5.18 m

13. Yellow Sea Bottom Sediment Chart Bottom Sediment types can vary greatly over a small area Bottom Sediment types can vary greatly over a small area 1. Mud 2. Sand 3. Gravel 4. Rock

18. Wind Variability Muddy sand (3.0) and sandy silt (5.0) Muddy sand (3.0) and sandy silt (5.0) Tilt angle - 4 0, bottom 30 m, transducer 5.18 m Tilt angle - 4 0, bottom 30 m, transducer 5.18 m 5.14 + 2.57 m/s wind 5.14 + 2.57 m/s wind

23. AN/SQQ-32 Employment Variable depth high frequency sonar system Variable depth high frequency sonar system Sonar can be place at various positions in the water column to optimize the detection of either moored or bottom mines. Sonar can be place at various positions in the water column to optimize the detection of either moored or bottom mines.

24. Transducer 5.18 m vs 25 m Tilt angles + 4 0 to – 12 0 Tilt angles + 4 0 to – 12 0 Wind 2.57 to 12.86 m/s Wind 2.57 to 12.86 m/s Coarse sand to silt bottoms Coarse sand to silt bottoms 30 m water depth 30 m water depth

39. Conclusions Bottom type and wind variability are important for sandy silt detections Bottom type and wind variability are important for sandy silt detections Bottom type and wind data variability are on the order of a few decibels Bottom type and wind data variability are on the order of a few decibels Deep transducers provide higher signal excess for most detectable cases Deep transducers provide higher signal excess for most detectable cases

40. Recommendations Sensor improvements of a few decibels are significant for detection Sensor improvements of a few decibels are significant for detection Money would be better spent on sensor development Money would be better spent on sensor development Employment of sensors deeper aids bottom moored mine detection Employment of sensors deeper aids bottom moored mine detection