1. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 sibio@att.netsibio@att.net SI Session (With Answers) Lab Practice Scientific method Microscope Phylogeny Cyanobacteria Fungi Heterotrophic Protists Spring 2010 For Dr. Hughey’s Bio 3 Class Picture from http://es.toonpool.com/cartoons/MICROSCOPE%20LOOKING_27378http://es.toonpool.com/cartoons/MICROSCOPE%20LOOKING_27378

2. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 1. Define the scientific method. 2. List the main steps to the scientific method. 3. What is the difference between a null and alternative hypothesis? A procedure used to solve problems or answer questions. A way of thinking and looking at the world. A technique used to gather information and reach conclusions. Observation HypothesisExperimentConclusion If the results do not support hypothesis Then revise the hypothesis Reference: Dr. Hughey’s Bio30 class slide Null hypothesis - a concept which arises in the context of statistical hypothesis testing. The null hypothesis set out for a particular significance test always occurs in conjunction with an alternative hypothesis. Alternative hypothesis - the possibility that an observed effect is genuine and the null hypothesis is the rival possibility that it has resulted from chance. --From Wikipedia

3. Hypothesis – How test – Independent – Dependent – Control – Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 4. Based on what you see in front of you, write a hypothesis. How would you test your hypothesis? In your test, what are your independent and dependent variables, and your controls? Plants grow faster when illuminated with 500 nm light than with 660 nm light. 30 lights with different wave length Wave length of each light The length of plants at limited time(e.g. 1 month) Same temperature, same species, same pot, same amount of water, same soil…

4. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 5. You go to field trip to hunt mushroom for Bio3 Botany class at Rip Van Winkle Open Space Park Pacific Grove,CA. You find a beautiful fungus. How do you identify the fungus? List at least 4 ways. ____________________________________ _________________________________________ 1)Ask Botanist 2)Find botany book and compare the picture 3)Use dichotomous key 4)DNA analysis

5. A D B C E 6. In the a dichotomous key, Fill in the blank. 2. Outline of leaf oval-shaped...........____ 2. Outline of blade star-shaped.........____ 1. Leaves flat ---------------------------------- 2 1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like ------ 3 3. Length of leaf more than 1cm long ---------- 4 3. Length of leaf less than 0.5 cm long ---------- _____ 4. Blades arranged in cluster ------------------------ _____ 4. Blades scattered or alternated--------------------_____ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 C B D E A

6. 7. Using the specimens in front of you, write a dichotomous key. A B C D E 1. Leaves broad.………………………..2 1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like ……..3 2. Outline of blade serrate............ 4 2. Outline of blade round …........ B 4. Arrangement of leaves opposite............ D 4. Arrangement of leaves whirl.…........ A 3. Scale-like leaves, less than 0.5 cm long............ C 3. Needle-like leaves, more than 3 cm long.…........ E

7. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 9. Define the following terms. a) Parfocal – b) Maginification - c) Resolution – d) Field of view - 8. Name the following microscopes. the diameter of the circle of view you can see when looking down a microscope a measurement of clarity, the smallest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished. the number of times an image is enlarged. stay in focus when magnification is changed

8. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 10. What are the names of these parts? Write each function. D C A B Ocular(eye pieces): the part to view the species; Magnify (usually 10X ). (Objectives): Magnification Coarse adjustment knob: Focus Fine adjustment knob: Focus

9. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 10 X 40 X 100X 40 X 10 X 100X 11. Total magnification on the slide in view? 12. Total magnification on the slide in view? 100X 400X

10. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 10X 40X Diameter? 100X Diameter? Cell length? 40X 13. Calculate the diameter of field of view and the length of cell. 1.4mm 0.35mm 0.14mm 0.0875mm

11. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 10X 40X Diameter? 100X Diameter? Cell length? 100X 14. Calculate the diameter of field of view and the length of cell.

12. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 15. Construct a cladogram based on the data provided below.sCalculate the diameter of field of view and the length of cell. *Please, replace “present” with “1” and “absent” with “0.”

13. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Green Algae Bryophyte Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Terrestrial Cuticle Sporophyte Dorminant? Vascular tissue Independent gametophyte and Sporophyte Nonmotile sperm Branching sporophyte Independent gametophyte and Sporophyte absent Pollen Secondary growth Seeds Flowers Fruit

14. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: Cap(pileus) Gill Ring Stalk,Stipe Spores Volva Hypa(e) Mycelium

15. 17. What is “conidial fungi”? Give two examples. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 19. We often see the bread mold. A B C D A: ______________ B: ______________ C: ______________ D: ______________ What happens in the structure of B? What is the function of the structure D? 18. What is “fruit or fruiting body” in the fungi? Spores Sporangia Sporangiophore Rhizoids Produce spores Support and absorption Ascomycota fungi with asexual reproductive system that is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. Penicillum, Aspergillus Spore bearing structure

16. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Basidiomycota Coprinus Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Gill __________ _______________ Basidiospores Basidium Basidiospores Sexual? Asexual? __________ _______________ Basidium- A small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections.

17. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 21. Phylum ____________ What is the name of the sac-like structure in view? What are inside? Is this structure for asexual or sexual reproduction? 22. Phylum ____________ What is the name of the structure? What happens in these structure in view? Asci Ascospores sexual Ascomycota Conidia Produce conidiospores (asexual)

18. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 23. What is the common name of the photosynthetic organism in front of you? How many of organisms are there in each specimen? What are they? What type of relationship are there (e.g parasitic, symbiosis, friendship, enemies,….etc)? What types of growth form are in A, B, & C? A:_____________ B:_____________ C:_____________ D:_____________ A B C Lichen Two; Algae + fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) Symbiosis (mutualism) Fruticose Crustose Fruticose Foliose D

19. 24. You are looking at lichen. What is the name of layer in the black or purple dot? Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 25. The left side is come from roots of a plant. What is the things penetrating the root? What is the relationship presented? Algal layer Fungi Symbiosis (mutualism)

20. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 26. The left sides are come from roots of a plant. What is the relationship presented? Explain in detail (e.g. things that they give and take each other.) Give the name in each slide. A:_________________ B:_________________ What is the difference between A and B? A B Ectomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza A - Fungal hyphae penetrate the plant cell wall in root. B – Fungi wrap outside root. The plant provides fungi with nutrient(carbohydrates). The fungi help the plant to obtain nitrogen and protect the plant from pathogen.

21. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Euglenophyta Euglena. Motile? Nonmotile? How do you know? Euglenoids have flagella for movement. How many of flagella does it have? What is each function? Two unequal flagella locomotion; unemergent(?) What is the arrow pointing? Function? Stigma(Eyespot) Light-sensing sytem

22. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 28. Kingdom _____________ Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Label A(B):____________________ C:____________________ D:____________________ E: oogonial stalk F:_______________________ G:_______________________ Sexual or Asexual? G F Antheridium Oogonium Egg Oospore(after fertilization) or Zygote Hypae (collectively mycelium) Sexual Oomycota Saprolegnia Protist

23. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 29. The slides and picture are shown sexual reproduction system. How do they fertilize to make zygotes? Sperm migrate toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube sperm fertilization tube.

24. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 30. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 31. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Label and function A: ____________________ B: ____________________ A B Cyanophyta Nostoc Cyanophyta Anabaena Heterocyst- Nitrogen fixation Akinete-Resting spores: Cells that are resistant to unfavorable conditions.

25. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Phylum ___________Ascomycota Genus ____________ Morchella Phylum ____________ Genus ____________ Basidiomycota Agaricus Phylum ___________ Genus ____________ Amanita Basidiomycota Phylum ____________ Genus ____________ Chytridiomycota Allomyces

26. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Phylum ______________ Ascomycota Genus ______________ Penicillum Phylum ______________ Ascomycota Genus ______________ Aspergillus Both are _______________. conidial fungi Sexual? Asexual?

27. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 38. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 39. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Label and what happens in these structure? A:_______________ B:_______________ B A Cyanophyta Oscillatoria Zygosporangium Gametangia Zygomycota Rhizopus

28. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009C 40. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 41. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 42. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 43. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Oomycota Saprolegnia Euglenophyta Euglena. Dinophyta Ceratium Dictyosteliomycota Dictyostelium.

29. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009C 44. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 45. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ 46. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Dinophyta Noctiluca Myxomycota Dictydium Dinophyta Peridium 47. Phylum ______________ Genus ______________ Fuligo Myxomycota *dog vomit, Slim mold