1. assessment concepts reliability validity inter-rater test-retest construct content concurrent/descriptive predictive/criterion standardization use of consistent set of standards in procedure for testing, scoring, evaluation

2. clinical interview mental status exam 1.appearance & behavior 1.thought process 1.mood & affect 1.intellectual functioning 1.sensorium

3. semi-structured clinical interview DSM Multiaxial System Axis I: Major Disorders Axis II: Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation Axis III: Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial & Environmental Factors Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

4. testing Projective tests Rorschach Thematic Apperception Test

5. testing Personality Inventories (e.g.MMPI) Also: Lie Scale Malingering Scale

6. testing Neuropsychological Tests -tasks are associated with functioning of specific brain areas -poor task performance indicates impaired function (and possibly physical damage) of the specific brain area

7. structural vs. functional CT MRI PET fMRI testing Neuroimaging

8. CT scan x-ray & sensor low spatial resolution computerized axial tomography

9. MRI high spatial resolution magnetic resonance imaging

10. PET scan positron emission tomography low resolution (both temporal & spatial) radioactive material is absorbed

11. fMRI scan higher spatial resolution than PET (poor temporal resolution) 3-D images possible hemoglobin (blood protein that binds oxygen) changes its magnetic field response functional MRI

12. EEG psychophysiological techniques EO G EMG “electrophysiology” = electro-myograph = electro-oculograph = electro-encephalograph

13. EEG electroencephalography record of electrical activity below each electrode

14. EEG brainwaves characterize mental states

15. EMG electromyograph

16. SCR skin conductance/resistance index of physiological arousal

17. classification Classification – categories Taxonomy – scientific categories Nosology – psych or medical categories Classical Categorical Approach Used in medicine; discrete categories Dimensional Approach Characteristics range from low to high. Not “presence or absence” but rather “How much?” Prototypical Approach Essential features + meet # symptoms for dx

18. types of research descriptive experimental -observation (naturalistic vs lab) -survey -case study -correlational studies -epidemiology

19. correlation Are two variables related? 1. Do they move together or opposite? 2. How strongly? (if they are strongly related, we can predict one from the other)

20. correlation coefficient POSITIVENEGATIVE NO ASSN -1.00 0 +1.00 + / - number = direction = strength weak (0 -.40) moderate (.41 -.69) strong (.70 – 1.00)

21. correlational studies POSITIVENEGATIVENO ASSN

22. To a group of people, give a questionnaire about their degree of shyness. Are shy people happy? To this same group, give a questionnaire about their degree of happiness. Each person has two scores. Use correlation. Is there a relationship between shyness & happiness? (Did one cause the other?)

23. correlational studies Correlation is NOT causation! A A B B C B A

24. example e.g. Ice cream sales positively correlate with the occurrence of violent crime. ice cream sales Variable 1 Variable 2 violent crime

25. independent variable dependent variable experimental research confounding variable

26. experimental research Interested in a specific treatment? Compare its effects to a control condition. “baseline” comparison

27. internal validity external validity - generalizability experimental research statistical vs clinical significance

28. repeated measurements withdrawal designs single case designs multiple baseline

29. family studies adoption studies twin studies genetics genotype phenotype

30. molecular genetic studies linkage analysis association study - searches for approximate location of a gene - tests a candidate disease gene

31. behavior over time prevention studies cross sectional -health promotion -universal -selected -indicated - diff age cohorts compared at same time longitudinal - one group tracked over time sequential - cross sectional study done longitudinally