1. PERSONAL FITNESS 10 Musculoskeletal System Notes HCS1050

2. Anatomical, Directional & Regional Terms

3. Skeletal System Functions  Support soft tissues & provide attachment sites for muscles  Movement at joints when muscles are contracted  Protects organs (e.g., skull encases brain)  Stores calcium, phosphorous, fat, sodium & other minerals  Production of blood cells

4. Bones  Continuously being remodeled via osteoclasts & osteoblasts  Osteoclasts break down bone  Osteoblasts build bone “When bone is subjected to stress, more tissue is created (bone density increases)”

5. Joints of the body & Planes of Movement  Fibrous Joints  Cartilaginous Joints  Synovial Joints  Joint movement occurs within 3 planes of motion  Sagittal  Frontal  Transverse

6. Sagittal Plane

7. Frontal Plane

8. Transverse Plane

9. Proprioception  The sense of knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments and the external environment.  Receptors in the skin, in and around the joints and muscles, and in the inner ear transmit the information

10. Types of Muscles  Skeletal  Attaches to the skeleton via tendons, contracts to move bones  Voluntary  Striated appearance  Smooth  Found on walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels)  Involuntary & smooth  Cardiac  Forms the walls of the heart  Involuntary & smooth

11. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types (Slow Twitch)  Slow-twitch muscle fibers  Also called Oxidative or Type 1 muscle fibers  Contract more slowly  Have lower force outputs  More efficient  More fatigue resistance

12. Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers  Two types of Fast-twitch muscle fibers  Fast-oxidative glycolytic (Type IIa) fibers Possess speed, fatigue and force production somewhere between Type Iand Type IIx For this reason, type IIa are also called intermediate fibers  Fast-glycolytic (Type IIx) fibers Limited capacity for aerobic metabolism Fatigue the fastest of the 3 types Considerable anaerobic capacity Largest and fastest Capable of producing the most force of all skeletal muscle fiber types

13. Two Muscle Proteins & Connective Tissue  Actin  Thin myofilament muscle protein  Myosin  Thick myofilament muscle protein  Connective Tissue  Tendons connect muscle to bone  Ligaments connect bone to bone

14. Muscle Fiber Microanatomy  Skeletal muscle are made up of many muscle fibers  Muscle fibers are made up of myofibrils (protein filaments) composed of a series of repeating segments called sarcomeres  Sarcomeres, made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments, are the functional contracting unit of skeletal muscle

15. Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction  Acetylcholine is released from the CNS  Once detected, calcium is released  Calcium exposes binding sites along the actin for the myosin to attach to  Cross bridges are formed & the myosin pulls the actin toward the center thereby shortening the sarcomere and the muscle fiber itself  If multiple muscle fibers are stimulated to contract at the same time, the muscle will try to actively shorten by contracting

16. Sliding Filament Model

17. Sliding Filament Theory

18. Factors that Impact Flexibility  Soft tissues contribute to the total resistance of joints as follows (we can impact these by stretching):  Joint capsule: 47%  Muscle fascia: 41%  Tendons: 10%  Skin: 2%  Other factors that impact flexibility include (we can minimize these by working on flexibility):  Age  Gender  Joint structure and past injury

19. Human Skeleton Skull Mandible (Jaw) Clavicle (Collarbone) Sternum Humorous Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella (Kneecap) Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

20. Muscles of the Body

21. The Shoulder Girdle Upper Trapezius Middle Trapezius Serratus Anterior Lower Trapezius Levator Scapulae Rhomboid Minor Rhomboid Major

22. Muscles that act at the Shoulder Girdle

23. The Rotator Cuff Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Glenohumeral joint Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Subscapularis

24. The Shoulder Medial Deltoid Anterior Deltoid Pecs (Clavicular) Pecs (Sternal) Posterior Deltoid Pectoralis Major Middle Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Posterior Deltoid Anterior View Lateral View Posterior View

25. Muscles that act at the Shoulder

26. The Elbow Anterior ViewPosterior View

27. Muscles that act at the Elbow

28. The Wrist

29. Muscles that act at the Wrist

30. The Trunk External Abdominal Oblique Internal Abdominal Oblique Pectoralis Major Rectus Abdominal Transverse Abdominis Tendinous Transcriptions

31. The Lower Back Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis

32. Muscle that act on the Trunk

33. Hip Extensors Semitendonosus Semimembranosus Biceps Femorus Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Medius Illiotibial Band

34. Muscles that act at the Hip Joint

35. Hip Flexors and Quadriceps Group Vastus Lateralis Vastus Intermedialis Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis Rectus Femorus Vastus Medialis

36. Muscles that act at the Hip Joint

37. Muscles that act at the Knee Joint

38. The Calves Soleus Achiles Tendon Gastrocnemius

39. Muscles that act at the Ankle Joint

40. Four Types of Postural Alignment Ideal Kyphosis Flat Back Sway Back