1. Chapter 8 Articulations and Movement

2. Articulations or Joints Articulation or Joint –Place where two bones come together –Freely moveable to limited to no apparent movement –Structure correlated with movement

3. Classes of Joints Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones –Fibrous –Cartilaginous –Synovial Functional: Based on degree of motion –Synarthrosis: Nonmoveable –Amphiarthrosis: Slightly moveable –Diarthrosis: Freely moveable

4. Fibrous Joints Characteristics –United by fibrous connective tissue –Have no joint cavity –Move little or none Types –Sutures –Syndesmoses –Gomphoses

5. Syndesmoses Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments (holds bone to bone) Some movement may occur

6. Gomphoses Specialized joints Pegs that fit into sockets Inflammations –Gingivitis –Periodontal disease

7. Cartilaginous Joints Unite two bones by means of cartilage Types –Synchondroses Joined by hyaline Little or no movement –Symphyses Fibrocartilage uniting two bones

8. Concept Check 1.What is articulation? -point of contact b/n two bones 2.What type of joint is gomphoses? symphyses? -Fibrous Joint in jaw (holds teeth); Fibrous Joint 3.What is the difference b/n synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, & diarthorsis? -non-moveable; slightly moveable, and freely moveable

9. Synovial Joints Allow considerable movement Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton Complex –Articular cartilage and disks –Joint cavity and capsule –Synovial membrane and fluid –Ligments and menisci Bursae –Pockets of synovial fluid *reduces friction* –Bursitis

10. Types of Synovial Joints Plane or gliding Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball-and-socket Ellipsoid *See Table 8.2 pg. 247

11. Types of Synovial Joints Uniaxial-movement @ 1 axis & 1 plane Biaxial- 2 perpendicular axis & 2 perpendicular planes Multiaxial- 3 or more axes & 3 or more planes

12. Plane and Pivot Joints Plane or Gliding Joints –Monoaxial/Slight Movement –Example: Articular processes between vertebrae (intervertebral) Sacroiliac Pivot Joints –Monoaxial/Rotation –Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas Radius w/ ulna

13. Saddle and Hinge Joints Saddle Joints –Biaxial/Slight Movement –Example: Thumb Hinge Joints –Monoaxial –Example: Elbow, Knee –Multiaxial –Example: Ankle-One predominates

14. Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints Ellipsoid –Modified ball-and- socket –Biaxial –Example: Atlantooccipital Joint Ball-and-Socket –Multiaxial –Examples: Shoulder and Hip joints

15. Types of Movement Gliding Angular –Flexion and Extension Hyperextension Plantar and Dorsiflexion Circular –Rotation –Pronation and Supination –Circumduction

16. Flexion and Extension Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal

17. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion heel toes

18. Abduction and Adduction “take away” “bring together”

19. Rotation and Pronation and Supination “face down” “lying face up”

20. Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction

21. Special Movements Unique to only one or two joints –Types Elevation and Depression Protraction and Retraction Inversion and Eversion

22. Elevation and Depression superiorinferior

23. Protraction and Retraction anterior posterior

24. Inversion and Eversion mediallateral

25. Concept Check How are joints classified? –Structural; Degree of movement What type of joint makes up most of the appendicular skeleton? –Synovial Joints What components make up a synovial joint? –Synovial membrane, joint cavity, joint capsule, articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, menisci, bursae

26. Knee Joint Modified hinge joint Menisci: Fibrocartilage articular disks –Pad of cartilage b/n bone of a synovial joint –Cup-shaped for stability; cushion; guide; shock absorber Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial

27. Parts of the Knee Bones: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula Muscles: Quadriceps, Hamstrings Actions: Flexion, Extension Ligaments: –Anterior Cruciate: prevents forward movement of tibia (ACL) –Posterior Cruciate: prevents forward movement of femur (PCL) –Lateral Collateral- (Fibula) LCL –Medial Collateral- (Tibia) MCL Tendons: Patellar Tendon (Tibia) Cartilage (Fibrous Articular Cartilage): – Medial Meniscus- shock absorber –Lateral Meniscus- shock absorber

28. Knee Injuries and Disorders Football injuries Bursitis Chondromalacia –Softening of cartilage Hemarthrosis –Blood accumulation w/n joint cavity –Acute; swollen knee “Water on the knee” –Slower accumulation of fluid may be caused by bursitis

29. Other Knee Disorders Osgood Schlatter- patellar tendon pulls away from tibia causing fracture & new bone growth –Associated w/ younger athletes Unhappy Triad  - MCL, ACL, & Medial Meniscus –Caused by posterior, lateral blow or hit Dislocated Patella- medial forced w/ slightly flexed knee –Patella flips over Bucket Handle Tear- meniscus tears & piece fills in cavity

30. Knee Repair Arthroscopy- using tools & camera to see inside of joint –Ligament of cartilage repair, doesn’t need full open exposure to repair Arthroplasty- knee replacement –Diseased or damaged joint

31. Sprains/Strains Sprain- ligaments Strain- muscle tendons 1 st Degree- stretch 2 nd Degree- stretch & partial tear 3 rd Degree- complete tear

32. Joint Disorders Arthritis –Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear –Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease Joint infections –Lyme disease: Bacterial infection; Tick vector Gout –Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic; arising spontaneously - cause unknown)

33. Effects of Aging on Joints Tissue repair slows Production of synovial fluid declines Ligaments and tendons become less flexible Decrease in ROM (Range of Motion) 

34. Concept Check What is the function of menisci? –Cup shaped to help with stability, cushion, & guide the knee What is the difference b/n a ligament & a tendon? –Ligaments connect bone to bone; Tendons connect muscle to bone What is the difference b/n arthroplasty arthroscopy? –Arthroscopy: using tools/camera to see inside the joint; Arthoplasty: knee replacement