1. Rocks, Minerals, and Soil By: ___________

2. Table of Contents 1.Word Bank pg. 1 2.What I Knowpg. 6 3.

3. Word Bank 1. mineral – a solid, natural material made from nonliving substances in the ground. 2. streak – the color of the powder left behind when the mineral rubbed on a rough surface 3. color – the color of the surface of the mineral. 1

4. Word Bank 4. luster – the way a mineral reflects light from its surface. (how shiny or dull a mineral appears) 5. hardness – a measure of how well a mineral resists scratching. (test: scratch test) 6. cleavage – the measure of how smooth a surface is. (the # of planes where a mineral breaks) 7. fracture – the property of a mineral that shows when it has a rough surface. 2

5. Word Bank 8. gem – a mineral that is rare, beautiful, and usually transparent. It glitters and shines in light (high luster) 3

6. Word Bank 13. 4

7. Word Bank 17. 5

8. What I Know Mohs’ Hardness Scale ranks minerals from 1 - 10 based on their hardness.  1 – softest - TALC  2-  10 – hardest - DIAMOND Diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds. We can use known minerals and the scratch test to find out unknown minerals. Minerals can be found in nature. 6

9. What I Know Minerals can be made from one or more elements (pure substances) Example: chromium + beryllium = emerald Aluminum + oxygen = sapphire iron + sulfur = pyrite silicon + oxygen = amethyst sodium + chlorine = salt All minerals are made through chemical changes 7

10. What I Know How do we use minerals? (Where can we find minerals in daily life?) - toothpaste, computers, jewelry, electrical wiring, tires, soap, vitamins, paint, on our food (salt) Gems can be - -Colorful polished -Used in jewelryrough and uneven -Cut into shapes 7

11. What I Know Gem examples: -Ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, diamond Most rocks are made of mixtures of materials. They have different materials because they are made in different ways. Scientists classify rocks into 3 types based on the way they are made: 1. igneous – formed when lava cools and hardens. 2. sedimentary- formed when sediments are deposited in layers over time. 3. metamorphic- forms when other types of rock (sedimentary or igneous) change under heat and pressure without melting. 7

12. What I Know Rock Cycle:  Draw Diagram here 11

13. What I Know Energy for all food chains starts with the SUN. Herbivores are primary consumers (1 st level consumer). They are the first organisms to eat. Carnivores can be secondary consumers (2 nd level consumers). They can also be tertiary consumers (3 rd level consumer) 12

14. What I Know Omnivores can be primary (1 st level), secondary (2 nd level) or tertiary (3 rd level) consumers. Decomposers break down dead organisms and return the nutrients to the soil. Scavengers eat the remains of organisms that they did not hunt or kill. 13

15. What I Know There must be more prey than predators to have a successful food chain. 14

16. What I Know 15 Energy Pyramid nrg

17. What I Know Food webs give food chains more options for survival when resources for food run low. Populations in the same area compete with each other for resources like food, shelter and water. Example: Competition with own kind 1 fox against another fox for rabbit. Example: Competition with other populations. sea cucumber against sea urchin against mussel for kelp. 16

18. What I Know Organisms have 2 kinds of adaptations 1. structural – AN ADAPTATION THAT ARE ADJUSTMENTS TO THE INTERNAL (INSIDE) OR EXTERNAL (OUTSIDE) OF AN ORGANISM. examples: thick waxy cuticle of cacti, webbed feet of ducks, talons of falcons 2. behavioral – AN ADAPTATION THAT ARE ADJUSTMENTS TO AN ANIMALS BEHAVIOR examples: elephant holding on to mom’s tail, wolves and fish travel in packs, any symbiotic relationship (clownfish / anemone, rhino / little bird), sea otter’s rock tummy Other adaptations include: 1. Nocturnal feeding time 2. mimicry 3. camouflage 17

19. Word Bank #2 20. Omnivore – an animal that eats both plants and animals. 21. Predator – an organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food. 22. Prey – an organism that is eaten by another organism (predator) 23. Population – includes all members of a singles species, in a given area, at a given time 18

20. Word Bank #2 24. Food web – 25. Competition – 26. Adaptation – 27. Biotic factor – 28. Abiotic factor – 19

21. Word Bank #2 29. Adaptation – pg. 250 30. Migration – pg 251 31. hibernation – pg. 251 32. mimicry – pg. 256 33. Pollution – pg. 276 34. Ozone – pg. 278 35. Litter – pg. 277 36. Smog – pg. 278 37. Pollutant – pg. 280 20

22. NO DOS TODAY!! TODAY’S ASSIGNMENT:  Make a new page in your “Table of Contents” for the various ecosystems.  Each ecosystem should have its own page. (Pond, Ocean, Marsh / Swamp, Forest, and Meadow)  Example: #3 would be “Pond Ecosystem” #4 would be “Ocean Ecosystem” and so on…  Draw a food chain that would belong in each particular ecosystem.  Label each organism as a producer, consumer, or decomposer  Label each organism as an herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore.  Label each organism as 1 st (primary), 2 nd (secondary), or 3 rd (tertiary) level consumer

23. Pond Ecosystem In my ecosystem I need a food chain that has: All Organisms drawn. All organisms labeled 1. Consumer? Producer? or decomposer? 2. 1 st level (primary) consumer? 2 nd level (secondary) consumer? Or 3 rd level (tertiary) consumer? 3. Herbivore? Omnivore? Carnivore? Coloring is bonus for this ecosystem. 21

24. Ocean Ecosystem In my ecosystem I need: All Organisms drawn. All organisms labeled 1. Consumer? Producer? or decomposer? 2. 1 st level (primary) consumer? 2 nd level (secondary) consumer? Or 3 rd level (tertiary) consumer? 3. Herbivore? Omnivore? Carnivore? Coloring is bonus for this ecosystem. 22

25. Swamp / Marsh Ecosystem In my ecosystem I need: All Organisms drawn. All organisms labeled 1. Consumer? Producer? or decomposer? 2. 1 st level (primary) consumer? 2 nd level (secondary) consumer? Or 3 rd level (tertiary) consumer? 3. Herbivore? Omnivore? Carnivore? Coloring is bonus for this ecosystem. 23

26. Forest Ecosystem In my ecosystem I need: All Organisms drawn. All organisms labeled 1. Consumer? Producer? or decomposer? 2. 1 st level (primary) consumer? 2 nd level (secondary) consumer? Or 3 rd level (tertiary) consumer? 3. Herbivore? Omnivore? Carnivore? Coloring is bonus for this ecosystem. 24

27. Meadow Ecosystem In my ecosystem I need: All Organisms drawn. All organisms labeled 1. Consumer? Producer? or decomposer? 2. 1 st level (primary) consumer? 2 nd level (secondary) consumer? Or 3 rd level (tertiary) consumer? 3. Herbivore? Omnivore? Carnivore? Coloring is bonus for this ecosystem. 25

28. Louisiana Ecosystem In my ecosystem I need: All Organisms drawn. All organisms labeled 1. Consumer? Producer? or decomposer? 2. 1 st level (primary) consumer? 2 nd level (secondary) consumer? Or 3 rd level (tertiary) consumer? 3. Herbivore? Omnivore? Carnivore? Coloring is bonus for this ecosystem. 26

29. Land Food Web Draw the picture from pg. 238 – 239 Choose to COLOR OR LABEL Both is BONUS

30. Water Food Web Draw the picture from pg. 239 or 240 Choose to COLOR OR LABEL Both is BONUS

31. What I know #2 The things people do everyday affect the environment. Factors that Pollute Soil -Chemicals (oil, gas, chemical leak/ toxic waste) -Litter (trash not properly disposed of) -Pesticides Plants absorb nutrients from the soil and can also absorb these harmful pollutants. 26

32. What I know #2 Factors that Pollute the Air - Aerosol cans (hair spray, etc. ) -Dust -Smog -Smoke (from people or exhaust pipes) -Chemicals (factories) -Trash (burning) -Ashes (erupting volcanoes) These pollutants that reach the air are creating much damage (holes) in the ozone layer. 26

33. What I know #2 Factors that Pollute Water - Polluted groundwater runoff (sewage) -Oil and gas and trash (from boats) -Sediment (can smother fish) -Fertilizer and animal waste 26