1. Skeletal, Muscular, & Nervous System
Chapter 15

2. Functions of the skeletal system
Provides a living structure for your body
Supports your upper body and head
Plays a crucial role in movement
Protects internal tissues and organs from trauma
Store minerals

3. Structure of the skeleton
You have 206 bones in your body
Axial Skeleton – the 80 bones of the skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum or breastbone
Appendicular skeleton – the remaining 126 bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips

4. Types of bones Long Bones – your arms and legs
Humerus is the bone in your upper arm
Diaphysis main column of a long bone
Epiphysis is the end of a long bone

5. Types of bones Short Bones – are almost equal in length and width
Small bones in the wrist & ankles

6. Types of bones
Flat Bones – somewhat thinner and much flatter than other bones
The skull, scapula, or shoulder blade are all examples

7. Types of bones Irregular Bones – are irregularly shaped
Some facial bones & vertebrae are examples

8. Cartilage Cartilage – a strong, flexible connective tissue
Found at the ends of long bones
End of the nose
Within the outer ear
In some joints like the knee & acts like a cushion

9. Cartilage
Ossification – is the process by which bone is formed, renewed, & repaired
This happens early in the embryonic developmental stage

10. Joints
Joints are points at which bones meet

11. Types of Joints
Ball-&-socket joint – formed when the rounded head of one bone fits into the rounded cavity of an adjoining bone
Hinge joint – found at the elbow, knee, ankle & fingers
Pivot joints – allow limited rotation or turning of the head

12. Types of Joints
Ellipsoidal joints – such as the ones in your wrist, have an oval-shaped part that fits into a curved space
Ligament – a band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Tendon – a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone

13. Care & Problems of the Skeletal System
Lesson 2

14. Problems of the skeletal system
Fractures – any type of break in a bone
They can be either compound or simple
Compound – one in which the broken bones protrudes through the skin
Simple – one in which the broken bone does not protrude

15. Types of Fractures
Hairline fracture –the fracture is incomplete & the two parts of the bones do not separate
Transverse fracture – the fracture is completely across the bone
Comminuted fracture – the bone shatters into more than 2 pieces

16. Osteoporosis
You can only develop bone now while you are growing. Your habits now will affect you later in life
Osteoporosis – a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue occurs
Usually affects millions of older Americans & has no warning signs

17. Scoliosis
Scoliosis – is a lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine
This may exist at the time of birth, or it can develop during childhood
Treatments include wearing braces to help straighten the spine and possibly even surgery in severe cases

18. Injuries to Joints
Dislocation – results when the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint are torn as the bone slips out of place
Torn cartilage – can result from a sharp blow or the twisting of a joint
Bursitis – results from the inflammation of a fluid-filled sac called the bursa

19. Injuries to Joints
Bunion – is a painful swelling of the bursa in the first joint of the big toe
Arthritis – is the inflammation of a joint
Repetitive motion injury – is damage to tissue caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as in computer work, sewing or assembly line work

20. The Muscular System
Lesson 3

21. Functions of the muscular system
Help you to breathe, make your heart beat, and move food through your digestive system
Voluntary muscles – muscles you knowingly move
Involuntary muscles – muscles that move without your conscious control

22. Structure of the Muscular System
Muscles are made up of hundreds of long cells called fibers
Muscles work by means of two complementary or opposing actions
Contraction – shortening of the muscles
Extension – lengthening of the muscles

23. Types of Muscles
Smooth muscles – act on the lining of passageways and internal organs (they are involuntary)
Skeletal Muscles – are attached to bone and cause body movements (they are voluntary)
Flexor – the muscle that close a joint
Extensor – the muscle that opens a joint

24. Types of Muscles
Cardiac muscles – a type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart (it is an involuntary muscle)

25. Care of the Muscular System
Muscle tone – the natural tension in the fibers of a muscle
Regular physical activity can help to keep your muscles toned

26. Problems of the Muscular System
Bruise – is an area of discolored skin that appears after an injury causes the blood vessels beneath the skin to rupture and leak
Muscle sprain or strain – a strained muscles results when a muscle is stretched or partially torn as a result of overexertion

27. Problems of the Muscular System
Muscles strains are treated using the
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Or RICE method

28. Problems of the Muscular System
Tendonitis – or the inflammation of a tendon
Caused by injury, overuse, or natural aging
Hernia – when an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

29. Problems of the Muscular System
Muscular Dystrophy – is an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed

30. The Nervous System
Lesson 4

31. Functions of the nervous system
It coordinates all of the activities in your body including
Breathing
Or digesting food to sensing pain or feeling fear

32. Functions of the nervous system
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all work together
The nervous system has 2 main divisions
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

33. Functions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System – consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System – gathers information from inside and outside your body

34. Neurons
Neurons – are nerve cells

35. Neurons
Cell body – the cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus, the control center of the cell
Neuron cells have limited ability to repair damage or replace destroyed cells

36. Neurons
Dendrites – are branched structures that extend from the cell body in most neurons
They receive information from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmit impulses toward the cell body

37. Neurons
Axons – transmit impulses away from the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland
Axons that are covered by a myelin sheath can transmit impulses faster than those without a cover

38. Central Nervous System
Parts of the central nervous system include the spinal cord & the brain
Brain – the main job of the brain is to integrate & control the activities of the nervous system

39. Parts of the brain
Cerebrum – the largest and most complex part of the brain, its job is to focus on thought, learning and memory
Frontal lobe – controls voluntary movements & has a role in the use of language
Parietal lobe – is involved with sensory information such as heat, cold, pain, touch a, & body position

40. Parts of the brain Occipital lobe – controls the sense of vision
Temporal lobe – controls the senses of hearing & smell; it is also involved with memory, thought, and judgment

41. Parts of the brain
Cerebellum – the second largest part of the brain, its job is to coordinate the movement of skeletal muscles

42. Parts of the brain
Brain stem – is a 3” stalk of nerve cells & fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain
Medulla oblongata – is the lowest part of the brain stem, helps to regulate heartbeat & respiratory rate as well as reflexes such as sneezing, coughing, & vomiting

43. Medulla oblongata Has 3 parts to it
Pons – located just above the medulla. This is the pathway connecting nerve impulses to other areas of the brain. Helps regulate breathing
Midbrain – the highest portion of the brain stem. Controls eyeball movement

44. Medulla oblongata
Thalamus – an important relay center for incoming sensory impulses. Receives information through the eyes and the ears
Hypothalamus – controls balance and various body processes to regulate body temperature, appetite awareness, and regulates sleep
Pituitary gland – controls metabolism, sexual development & emotional responses

45. The Peripheral Nervous System
Includes all the nerves that are not part of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System can be divided into 2 parts
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System

46. Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary actions such as digestion & heart rate
The Autonomic nervous system is broken down into 2 parts
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

47. Sympathetic nervous system
Cause your heart rate to increase and blood vessels leading to your muscles to dilate
Reflex – s spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus

48. Parasympathetic nervous system
During rest it opposes the actions of the sympathetic system by slowing body functions
Slows down heartbeats, opens blood vessels, and lowers blood pressure

49. Somatic Nervous System
Consists of sensory neurons that relay messages from receptors in the eyes, ear, nose, tongue, & skin to the CNS & motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

50. Care & Problems of the Nervous System
Lesson 5

51. Problems of the Nervous System
Drug & alcohol use can destroy brain cells & cause nervous system disorders

52. Degenerative Disease
Parkinson’s Disease – is the destruction of nerve cells in an area of the brain that helps coordinate skeletal muscle movement
Multiple Sclerosis – the destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of neurons in the CNS. Voluntary control of your muscles gradually decreases. The body basically attacks its own tissues

53. Degenerative Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease – when neurons are destroyed. They are then unable to transmit impulses.
Resulting in loss of memory & confusion

54. Other disorders & problems
Epilepsy – a disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures
Cerebral palsy – a group of nonprogressive neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early childhood