1. 9 Articulations C h a p t e r
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. An Introduction to Articulations
Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect
Joint Structure
Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion)
Joint strength decreases as mobility increases
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3. Classification of Joints
Two methods of classification
Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint
Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint
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4. Classification of Joints
Functional Classifications
Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
No movement
Fibrous or cartilaginous connections
May fuse over time
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)
Little movement
Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
More movement
Also called synovial joints
Subdivided by type of motion
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5. Classification of Joints
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6. Classification of Joints
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7. Classification of Joints
Structural Classifications
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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8. Classification of Joints
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9. Classification of Joints
Functional Classifications
Synarthroses (immovable joints)
Are very strong
Edges of bones may touch or interlock
Four types of synarthrotic joints:
suture
gomphosis
synchondrosis
synostosis
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10. Classification of Joints
Synarthrotic Joints
Suture
Bones interlocked
Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
Are found only in skull
Gomphosis
Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)
Binds teeth to sockets
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11. Classification of Joints
Synarthrotic Joints
Synchondrosis
Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones:
epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
Synostosis
Fused bones, immovable:
metopic suture of skull
epiphyseal lines of long bones
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12. Classification of Joints
Functional Classifications
Amphiarthroses
More movable than synarthrosis
Stronger than freely movable joint
Two types of amphiarthroses
syndesmosis:
bones connected by ligaments
symphysis:
bones separated by fibrous cartilage
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13. Classification of Joints
Functional Classifications
Synovial joints (diarthroses)
Also called movable joints
At ends of long bones
Within articular capsules
Lined with synovial membrane
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14. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Articular cartilages
Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules:
prevent bones from touching
Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid:
reduce friction
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15. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Synovial fluid
Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts
Functions of synovial fluid:
lubrication
nutrient distribution
shock absorption
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16. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures
Cartilages:
cushion the joint:
Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc)
Fat pads:
superficial to the joint capsule
protect articular cartilages
Ligaments:
support, strengthen joints
sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers
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17. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures
Tendons:
attach to muscles around joint
help support joint
Bursae:
pockets of synovial fluid
cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
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18. Synovial Joints Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints
Prevent injury by limiting range of motion
Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)
Articulating surfaces and menisci
Other bones, muscles, or fat pads
Tendons of articulating bones
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19. Synovial Joints [INSERT FIG. 9.1a]
Figure 9–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint.
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20. Synovial Joints Figure 9–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint.
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21. Synovial Joints Injuries Dislocation (luxation) Subluxation
Articulating surfaces forced out of position
Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
Subluxation
A partial dislocation
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22. Movements Types of Dynamic Motion Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion
Linear motion (gliding)
Angular motion
Rotation
Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion
Monaxial (1 axis)
Biaxial (2 axes)
Triaxial (3 axes)
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23. Movements Figure 9–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.
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24. Movements Figure 9–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.
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25. Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Terms describe
Plane or direction of motion
Relationship between structures
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26. Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Linear motion
Also called gliding
Two surfaces slide past each other:
between carpal or tarsal bones
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27. Movements Angular Motion Flexion Extension Angular motion
Anterior–posterior plane
Reduces angle between elements
Extension
Increases angle between elements
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28. Movements Angular Motion Hyperextension Angular motion
Extension past anatomical position
Angular Movements
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29. Movements Figure 9–3a Angular Movements.
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30. Movements Angular Motion Abduction Adduction Angular motion
Frontal plane
Moves away from longitudinal axis
Adduction
Moves toward longitudinal axis
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31. Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.
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32. Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.
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33. Movements Angular Motion Circumduction
Circular motion without rotation
Angular motion
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34. Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.
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35. Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Rotation
Direction of rotation from anatomical position
Relative to longitudinal axis of body
Left or right rotation
Medial rotation (inward rotation):
rotates toward axis
Lateral rotation (outward rotation):
rotates away from axis
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36. Movements Figure 9–4a Rotational Movements.
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37. Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation Pronation:
rotates forearm, radius over ulna
Supination:
forearm in anatomical position
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38. Movements Figure 9–4b Rotational Movements.
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39. Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Special movements
Inversion:
twists sole of foot medially
Eversion:
twists sole of foot laterally
Dorsiflexion:
flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
Plantar flexion:
extension at ankle (pointing toes)
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40. Movements Special Movements at Synovial Joints Opposition
Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
Protraction
Moves anteriorly
In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
Retraction
Opposite of protraction
Moving anteriorly (pulling back)
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41. Movements Special Movements at Synovial Joints Elevation Depression
Moves in superior direction (up)
Depression
Moves in inferior direction (down)
Lateral flexion
Bends vertebral column from side to side
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42. Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements.
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43. Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements.
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44. Movements Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape Gliding Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints
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45. Movements Gliding Joints Hinge Joints Pivot Joints
Flattened or slightly curved faces
Limited motion (nonaxial)
Hinge Joints
Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)
Pivot Joints
Rotation only (monaxial)
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46. Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.
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47. Movements Ellipsoid Joints Saddle Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints
Oval articular face within a depression
Motion in two planes (biaxial)
Saddle Joints
Two concave, straddled (biaxial)
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)
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48. Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.
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49. Movements A joint cannot be both mobile and strong
The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint
Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections
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50. Intervertebral Articulations
C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate
At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)
Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
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51. Intervertebral Articulations
C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate
Intervertebral discs:
pads of fibrous cartilage
separate vertebral bodies
anulus fibrosus:
tough outer layer
attaches disc to vertebrae
nucleus pulposus:
elastic, gelatinous core
absorbs shocks
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52. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9–7 Intervertebral Articulations.
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53. Intervertebral Articulations
Vertebral Joints
Also called symphyseal joints
As vertebral column moves
Nucleus pulposus shifts
Disc shape conforms to motion
Intervertebral Ligaments
Bind vertebrae together
Stabilize the vertebral column
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54. Intervertebral Articulations
Six Intervertebral Ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Connects anterior bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Connects posterior bodies
Ligamentum flavum
Connects laminae
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55. Intervertebral Articulations
Six Intervertebral Ligaments
Interspinous ligament
Connects spinous processes
Supraspinous ligament
Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
Ligamentum nuchae
Continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)
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56. Intervertebral Articulations
Damage to Intervertebral Discs
Slipped disc
Bulge in anulus fibrosus
Invades vertebral canal
Herniated disc
Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus
Presses on spinal cord or nerves
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57. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9–8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs.
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58. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9–8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs.
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59. Intervertebral Articulations
Movements of the Vertebral Column
Flexion
Bends anteriorly
Extension
Bends posteriorly
Lateral flexion
Bends laterally
Rotation
Turning
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60. Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
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61. Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
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62. Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
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63. The Shoulder Joint Also called the glenohumeral joint
Allows more motion than any other joint
Is the least stable
Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments
Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
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64. The Shoulder Joint Socket of the Shoulder Joint
Glenoid labrum
Deepens socket of glenoid cavity
Fibrous cartilage lining
Extends past the bone
Processes of the Shoulder Joint
Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula)
Project laterally, superior to the humerus
Help stabilize the joint
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65. The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Ligaments Shoulder Separation Glenohumeral
Coracohumeral
Coraco-acromial
Coracoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Shoulder Separation
Dislocation of the shoulder joint
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66. The Shoulder Joint Shoulder Muscles (also called rotator cuff)
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor
Shoulder Bursae
Subacromial
Subcoracoid
Subdeltoid
Subscapular
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67. The Shoulder Joint Figure 9–9a The Shoulder Joint.
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68. The Shoulder Joint Figure 9–9b The Shoulder Joint.
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69. The Elbow Joint A stable hinge joint
With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna
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70. The Elbow Joint Articulations of the Elbow Humero-ulnar joint
Largest articulation
Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Limited movement
Humeroradial joint:
Smaller articulation
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
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71. The Elbow Joint Figure 9–10a The Elbow Joint.
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72. The Elbow Joint Supporting Structures of the Elbow
Biceps brachii muscle
Attached to radial tuberosity
Controls elbow motion
Elbow Ligaments
Radial collateral
Annular
Ulnar collateral
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73. The Elbow Joint Figure 9–10b The Elbow Joint.
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74. The Hip Joint Also called coxal joint
Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Wide range of motion
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75. The Hip Joint Structures of the Hip Joint Ligaments of the Hip Joint
Head of femur fits into it
Socket of acetabulum
Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum
Ligaments of the Hip Joint
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Transverse acetabular
Ligamentum teres
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76. The Hip Joint Figure 9–11a The Hip Joint.
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77. The Hip Joint Figure 9–11b The Hip Joint.
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78. The Hip Joint Figure 9–11c The Hip Joint.
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79. The Knee Joint A complicated hinge joint
Transfers weight from femur to tibia
Articulations of the knee joint
Two femur–tibia articulations
At medial and lateral condyles
One between patella and patellar surface of femur
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80. The Knee Joint Menisci of the Knee Medial and lateral menisci
Fibrous cartilage pads
At femur–tibia articulations
Cushion and stabilize joint
Give lateral support
Locking knees
Standing with legs straight:
“locks” knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia and femur
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81. The Knee Joint Seven Ligaments of the Knee Joint
Patellar ligament (anterior)
Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule)
Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
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82. The Knee Joint Figure 9–12a The Knee Joint.
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83. The Knee Joint Figure 9–12b The Knee Joint.
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84. The Knee Joint Figure 9–12c The Knee Joint.
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85. The Knee Joint Figure 9–12d The Knee Joint.
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86. The Knee Joint
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87. The Knee Joint
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88. Aging Rheumatism Arthritis Osteoarthritis
A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
Arthritis
All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints
Osteoarthritis
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generally in people over age 60
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89. Aging Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis An inflammatory condition
Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
Involves the immune system
Gouty Arthritis
Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)
Form within synovial fluid
Due to metabolic disorders
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90. Aging Joint Immobilization Bones and Aging
Reduces flow of synovial fluid
Can cause arthritis symptoms
Treated by continuous passive motion (therapy)
Bones and Aging
Bone mass decreases
Bones weaken
Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture
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91. Integration with Other Systems
Bone Recycling
Living bones maintain equilibrium between
Bone building (osteoblasts)
And breakdown (osteoclasts)
Factors Affecting Bone Strength
Age
Physical stress
Hormone levels
Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
Genetic and environmental factors
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92. Integration with Other Systems
Bones Support Body Systems
The skeletal system
Supports and protects other systems
Stores fat, calcium, and phosphorus
Manufactures cells for immune system
Disorders in other body systems can cause
Bone tumors
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)
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93. Integration with Other Systems
Figure 9–13 Functional Relationships between the Skeletal System and Other Systems.
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94. Integration with Other Systems
Figure 9–13 Functional Relationships between the Skeletal System and Other Systems.
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