1. Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints
All joints hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally

2. Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses
Freely moveable joints

3. Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable

4. Summary of Joint Classes
[Insert Table 5.3 here]
Table 5.3

5. Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Example: Sutures
Syndesmoses
Allows more movement than sutures
Example: Distal end of tibia and fibula

6. Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by cartilage Example:
Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints

7. Synovial Joints
Articulating bones are separated by a fibrous articular joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Include hip, knee, elbow joints

8. http://www. argosymedical
ples/animations/Synovial%20Joints/index.ht ml

9. Features of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces
A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint

10. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Ligament
reinforce articular capsule

12. http://www. argosymedical
ples/animations/Aging%20Bone/index.html

14. The Synovial Joint Figure 5.29 Reinforce articular capsule
Fluid filled synovial membrane sacs
Reinforce articular capsule
Covers the ends of bones
Lines the articular capsule
Figure 5.29

15. Types of Synovial Joints
Sliding movements in one or two planes
(uni-or biaxial
Allows movement in one plane (uniaxial)
uniaxial
Intercarpal
(between carpal bones)
Elbow
(humerus /ulna)
Interphalange (between phalanges)
Ulna / Radius
Atlas/axis
Figure 5.30a–c

16. Types of Synovial Joints
biaxial
biaxial
multiaxial
Metacarpal bones/ proximal phalanges (knuckles)
Forearm bones/ wrist
Skull/ vertebral column
Wrist joint
Thumb metacarpal and trapezium (a carpal)
Shoulder joint
Hip joint
Figure 5.30d–f

17. Hip vs Knee Joint Hip joint is more stable than the knee joint Hip
Is a multiaxial joint
Allows movement in all directions
Knee
allows movement in one plane (uniaxial)

18. Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity
Table 6.2

19. Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
Muscles are attached to at least two points
Origin
Attachment to a moveable bone
Insertion
Attachment to an immovable bone

20. Muscles and Body Movements
Figure 6.12

21. Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Flexion
Decreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer together
Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
Extension
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones

22. Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13b

23. Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Common in ball-and- socket joints
Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)

24. Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline
Adduction
Opposite of abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline

25. Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Common in ball-and-socket joints

26. Special Movements Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
Plantar flexion
Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

27. Special Movements Inversion Eversion Turn sole of foot medially
Turn sole of foot laterally

28. Special Movements Supination Pronation
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
Pronation
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

29. Special Movements Opposition
Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

30. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

31. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Softening, fraying and eventual breakdown of cartilage leading to bone spurs (excess bone tissue)
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities

32. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet

33. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life
Osteoporosis
Bone-thinning disease afflicting
50% of women over age 65
20% of men over age 70
Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture
Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager’s hump)
Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

34. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life
Figure 5.34

35. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life
Figure 5.35

36. Dislocation of joint A dislocation is a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint. A dislocated bone is no longer in its normal position, which may result in damage to ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.
Dislocation of the shoulder joint is common and occurs when the top part of arm bone slips out of its socket
Radial dislocation may be caused by a sudden pull on a child's arm or hand. For first aid, immobilize the arm and take the child to the doctor's office or emergency room.