1. THE MAKING OF A BONE

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4. Bone Cells 1. Osteoprogenitor cells- stem cells of bone.
Spindle shaped
Oval nucleus
Pale cytoplasm
Found in the covering of the bone, and lining of inner cavity of bone.
Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts.

5. 2. Osteoblasts- make the extracellular matrix .
Cells are more columnar
have well developed Golgi bodies
Osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes.

6. 3. Osteocytes-maintain the matrix.
Note how osteocytes are connected to each other.
They live in small spaces in the matrix called lacunae.

7. Osteoclasts- -secrete acid that breaks down mineralized matrix
Multinucleated
Large
After bone is broken down, what cell will invade the area and deposit new bone tissue?
Osteoblast

8. Bone Tissue Compact bone
Found in the shafts of our long bones and on the inner and outer surface of our flat bones.
Provide strength.
Osteon- cylinder shaped unit
Central/Haversion canal- contains blood vessels
Canaliculi- small tubes in the matirx that connect bone cells
Lacuna- Cavity that holds an osteocyte
Lamellae- layers of matrix 1 2 3 4

9. The Structure of Bone Spongy (cancellous) bone.
Found within flat bones and in the ends of long bones.
Stores red bone marrow
How do you think compact and spongy bone got their names?

10. Cartilage Hyaline cartilage
-found at ends of long bones between joints
-important in bone growth, protects ends of bones
Fibrocartilage
-found between vertebrae
-cushions

11. Dense Connective tissue (regular)
Covering of a bone
Allows for attachment of tendons and ligaments

12. Blood
Found throughout the bone
Brings nutrients, removes wastes

13. -Nervous tissue Found in the covering of the bone
Sends and receives messages

14. Together these tissues function in...
Support and Movement (Explain)
Our bones provide support for sitting and standing.
Our bones act as levers for our muscles to pull against.
Protection (Explain)
Our skulls protect our brain.
Our vertebrae protects our spinal cord.
Our ribcage acts as a shield to protect our important thoracic organs (heart and lungs).

15. 3. Storage (What is bone storing?)
Our skeletal tissue stores minerals that can be released as needed- calcium and phosphorous
Adult long bones store yellow marrow, an energy reserve
Hematopoiesis
-formation of blood cells

16. Types of bones Flat bones
Have broad flat surfaces (often compared to a plate of armor)
Protect major internal organs

17. Types of bones Long Bones
Longer than wide, growth plates at either end
Serve as rigid levers that are acted upon by skeletal muscle to produce movements

18. Types of Bones Short bones
Block-like; length, width and height are almost equal
Glide past one another enabling the ankles and wrists to move in multiple directions
Scaphoid- wrist bone

19. Types of Bones Irregular Bones
Variety of shapes, many projections, don’t fit into other categories
Projections allow for muscle attachments, shapes allow for limited motion and protection

20. Types of bones Sesamoid bone
-small bones embedded within tendons and adjacent to joints
-protect the tendon and improve its mechanical advantage

21. Lab: Types of Bones Success in Lab: Find a picture of the bone
(purple star ) in your book,
determine its name and type.
Do not move to the next lab station until it is open.
Do not experience "lab rage".
4. Always move in a counter-
clockwise direction.

22. Naming the parts of a long bone.

23. Preserved cow femur

24. The membranes of bone.
Bones are protected by a membrane of dense regular connective tissue.
The superficial surface is covered with the periosteum.
The surface of the medullary cavity is covered with the endosteum.

25. Freshly cut cow femur

26. Formation, Growth and Repair of Bones
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27. Osteogenesis: Formation of Your Bones
Compare the two types of bone formation.

28. Ossification: The process of forming bone.
The cartilage or membranes are ultimately replaced with bone tissue.

29. Endochondral Ossification Endo=within Chondral=cartilage
What type of bone is this?

30. Intramembranous bone Intra=within
What type of bone is this?

31. Formation begins with….
Endochondral
Long bones are initially formed from a cartilage model
Intramembranous
Flat bones are initially formed of connective tissue membranes .

32. Blood supply?
Why?

33. Results in compact bone? Results in spongy bone?

34. Growth of Long Bones Study the picture and then finish the notes.
Figure 6.8

35. Growth: Enlarging Your Bones
Lengthwise growth of long bones occurs in cartilage structures called
epiphyseal plates.
Epiphyseal plates are four-layered structures found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones.
Epiphyseal plates are converted to bone following puberty, ending our ability to increase in height.
Word bank: diaphysis, epiphyseal plates,
epiphysis, puberty

36. Is this person done growing?
How do you know?

37. Increasing Bone Diameter.
As your bones lengthen, they must also increase in diameter.
They do this be increasing osteoblast activity in the periosteum.
They must also increase the diameter of their medullary cavity.
They do this by increasing osteoclast activity in the endosteum.
Word Bank: …blast, …clast, …cyte, ….progenitor

39. Remodeling: Keeping Your Bones New.
Throughout life, we remodel bones to keep them new.
Osteoclasts resorb bone matrix to make room for new matrix.
Osteoprogenitor cells produce new osteoblasts
Osteoblasts produce new bone matrix.
Word bank: Osteoprogenitor, Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Osteoclasts

40. Remodeling
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.9

41. Bone Disease: Osteoporosis
Compare normal bone and osteoporosis.
Collagen framework and deposited minerals are broken down faster than they are formed normally
What happens to the strength of the bone during osteoporosis?
The canals that connect the osteocytes become wider weakening the bone

42. Bone Disease: Sarcoma Bone cancer
Osteosarcoma is the most common and occurs in long bones
Chondrosarcoma occurs mainly in the pelvis, ribs and sternum

43. Osteochondroma
What’s wrong with Curtis?
Non-cancerous bone growth

44. Non-cancerous bone tumor
After removal of a tumor on the femur, a 7 inch incision was made to insert stabilizing hardware.

45. Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis
Infection of a bone, usually by bacteria
Watch Amazing Medical Stories

46. Bone disease: Osteomalacia
What do you notice in the X-ray?
A loss of calcium and phosphorus, often as the result of vitamin D deficiency, can cause weak bones
Known as rickets

47. Bone Fractures Depends on the direction and degree of force. Types
-Simple- bone remains beneath the skin
-Compound- bone projects above skin

48. What type is this?

49. Angular to bone
axis
Twisted
Partial
Right angle
to bone axis
Crushed

50. What’s wrong with Mitch
Transverse fracture

51. Ryan Regeth
What’s wrong?
Broken clavicle at the acromion process

52. Zach Janczak
What’s wrong?
4th metacarpal

53. Alyssa Woo
Stress Fracture: -tiny cracks in a bone -caused by the repetitive application of force, often by overuse -common in track athletes

54. Ms. Cerletty What’s wrong?
Patellar ACL autograft, screw protruding from tibia after 22 years

55. Michael Mathwick
After surgery
Before surgery

56. What’s wrong?
Note the bloody area on the bone. This is where a piece of the femur is missing.

57. Allograft from a cadaver

58. Repaired bone

59. Bone Repair 1 hour Several days 1-2 weeks 2-3 months
Soft, spongy bone is deposited on the callus, blood vessels heal and grow across the break
New compact bone replaces the callus, completing the repair
C. Blood leaking from the site of injury rapidly forms a clot
D. Fibroblasts form a callus. The callus gradually bridges the gap between the broken bone ends, replacing the clot
1 hour
Several days
1-2 weeks
2-3 months

60. Bone Repair

61. Left wrist ganglion cyst excision

62. Excision

63. It’s a beauty!

64. Bone Terminology Terms used to describe bone structures
Depressions: Low area or indentation
Coronoid fossa- elbow joint
Fossa: A relatively deep pit or depression

65. Cavity/Passageway: a hole or opening
Obturator foramen
Foramen: An opening through a bone- passageway for blood vessels and nerves

66. Articulation: where 2 bones meet
Coronal suture Suture: Immovable joint which is visible as a seam on the surface of skull bones.

67. Projection: A prominence or raised area
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
a small knob-like process
Deltoid tuberosity
knob-like process larger than a tubercle

68. Lab Directions 1. Always move in a counter-clockwise direction.
2. Do not move to a lab station until it is open.
Do not experience "lab rage".
4. Find a picture of the bone in your book.
5. Find a definition for the bone structure on page 142.