1. Engineering Innovation  An introduction to engineering.  Adapted from the course “What is Engineering?” offered to freshman at Johns Hopkins University.

2. Introductions INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Karen Borgsmiller Hood College 301-606-4367 borgsmiller@hood.edu TEACHING FELLOW: Mr. Paul Hoyt Paul.Hoyt@fcps.org Who are you?

3. What are we going to do?

4. Measure material properties.

5. Measure the height remotely.

6. Distill alcohol.

7. Design a better mousetrap.

8. Design a circuit to drive a robot car.

9. Build a spaghetti bridge.

10. Test a bridge.

11. What do engineers do?  Engineers solve problems using new ways to combine and use existing technologies.  Engineers develop  reliable, safe, cost-effective, aesthetic, useful products.  new devices, materials, or processes to meet the needs that existing technology does not address.

12. What things in this room did engineers design and build?  Write down 10 things engineers did.  Write 3 items engineers did not develop.

13. What is Engineering? How does it differ from science? Science: DESCRIBE EXPLAIN Parameters: θ, Ψ, ρ, σ 2,☺,λ, Ǻ, g, ћ, H 2 C 5 OH,... Starting salary: $38K (chemist) Engineering: INVENT DESIGN BUILD Parameters: $ Starting salary: $54K (chemical engineer) iPod spandex

14. If it moves, it's mechanical engineering; If it doesn't move, it's civil engineering; If you can't see it, it's electrical engineering; If it smells, it's chemical engineering. Engineering: What are its fields? Thirty years ago... Today, it’s a blur... Biomolecular-, nano-, computer-, materials-, robotic-, biomedical-, environmental-,...

15. What is Engineering? According to Webster’s II New Riverside Dictionary: Engineering is “the application of mathematical and scientific principles to practical ends, as the design, construction, and operation of economical and efficient structures, equipment, and systems.” But is there more...? “Engineering...to define rudely but not inaptly is the art of doing that well with one dollar, which any bungler can do with two after a fashion”--Arthur Mellen Wellington, The Economic Theory of Railway Location (1911)

16. What are some engineering fields?  Automotive  Mechanical  Electrical  Aeronautical  Civil  Structural  Industrial  Materials  Chemical  Biomedical  Environmental  Astronautical  Nuclear  Acoustical

17. Engineering is art. Aesthetics as well as function counts The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain Frank Gehry, architect The Ironbridge, Coalbrookdale, England 1779

18. More art... Pont du Gard, France, 100AD Sagrada familia, Barcelona

19. More engineering art...by women Vietnam Memorial (Mia Lin) Hearst Castle (Julia Morgan)Musee d’Orsay (Gae Aulenti) London eye (Julia Barfield)

20. Engineering is problem-solving One solutionTwo solutions

21. Engineering is approximation. The mathematics of engineering systems are often too complicated to solve analytically. “ Engineering problems are under-defined, there are many solutions, good, bad and indifferent. The art is to arrive at a good solution. This is a creative activity involving imagination, intuition, and deliberate choice.”-- Ove Arup

22. Engineering is measurement and estimation. River flow, noise in a communication system, scatter in a laser beam, earthquake characteristics--all require measurement

23. Engineering requires good measurements.  How accurate is your value?  What variability will it have?  Take good lab notes.

24. Engineering is modeling and simulation. Often the only efficient means to confirm that an idea or design will work is to experiment with a scale model or computer simulation. Model of the X-33 being tested in the NASA Langley Mach 20 helium wind tunnel

25. Engineering is communication.  Making presentations,  Producing technical manuals,  Coordinating teams for large scale projects.  Bad communications can be devastating. $125M communication error

26. Engineering is politics. The best functional solution is not necessarily the best practical solution. Three-mile island NIMBY Alaskan pipeline

27. Engineering is finance. Design, construction, operation, and maintenance costs determine the viability of projects. The Big Dig, Boston: $14.2B ($22B as of 7/2008) The Channel tunnel: $21B ($1B = 666 Eiffel towers)

28. Engineering is invention/design/innovation. New devices, materials, and processes are developed by engineers to meet needs that existing technologies do not address.

29. Most Lucrative College Degrees by Julianne Pepitone Friday, July 24, 2009 provided by...engineering diplomas account for 12 of the 15 the top-paying majors. NACE collects its data by surveying 200 college career centers....salaries for graduates who studied fields like social work command tiny paychecks, somewhere in the vicinity of $29,000. English, foreign language and communications majors make about $35,000. “...few grads offer math skills, and those who can are rewarded." Engineering is an outstanding salary.

30. Engineering is ethics. Engineering is safety. Engineering is public service.... “Architects and engineers are among the most fortunate of men since they build their own monuments with public consent, public approval and often public money” -- John Prebble

31. Engineering is new materials... and the space elevator

32. A 21 st century Eiffel Tower? (Chosen for London 2012 Olympics)

33. Engineering isn’t only about big things. It’s also about nano-bio, bottom-up, tailored structures quantum dot biological markers SWCN switches nano-robots

34. Engineering is haptics and robotic surgery

35. Engineering is acoustic control

36. How are engineering problems different from school problems?  Problems have multiple parameters.  Problems have multiple solutions.  Solutions have many constraints.  economic  aesthetic  cultural  political

37. If you were going to design a car,  What would be your goals?  What are your constraints?

38. How could you test whether your car would get good gas mileage?  A physical test of a model or prototype.  A scale model or computer simulation can confirm that a design will work.

39. How much money would you save if you could eliminate one lug nut?  At 10 million cars per year, you save 40 million nuts per year.  At $0.50 per nut, that’s $20 million. The Big Dig, Boston: $14.2 billion The Channel tunnel: $21 billion

40. How would you assure a bridge is built safely?  You can’t design an absolutely safe bridge or a zero-defects space shuttle.  You can design a reasonably safe bridge or space shuttle.  Risk of failure vs. cost  The profession takes fierce pride in setting standards and regulations that are safe.

41. How creative are you?  Since engineering problems rarely have single solutions, creativity and imagination are important.  Creative solutions to meet market needs.

42. Expose yourself to engineering!

43. 15 minute break!

44. TAKE SURVEY!!

45. How many soccer balls would fit in this room?  Take 7 minutes and get your individual answer  Gather with the students seated near to you in groups of three (one group of 4) and take 10 minutes to agree upon an estimate.

46. How can we measure the central tendency of the data?  Measures of central tendency describe the center point of the data set with a single value  Mean  Median  Mode

47. Average  Calculate the average (mean)  Sample Mean = =  Population Mean = μ =  In inferential statistics it is impossible to have data for the entire population of interest, so inferences are made using a sample population.

48. Median and Mode  Median The value in the data set for which half of the observations are higher and half of the observations are lower. When there is an even number of data points, the median will be the average of the two center points  Mode The observation in the data set that occurs the most frequently.

49. How can we measure the dispersion of the data?  Range  Variance  Standard Deviation

50. Range  Subtract the smallest measurement from the largest measurement.

51. Variance  Sample Variance  Population Variance

52. Standard Deviation  The square root of the variance  Sample standard deviation = s  Population standard deviation = σ  The standard deviation is more useful than the variance because the units on standard deviation match the units of the original data set  Bell-shaped curve  One standard deviation = σ = 68% of the data  Two standard deviations = 2 σ = 95% of the data  Three standard deviations = 3 σ = 99.7% of the data

53. Statistics Problem Homework  Due tomorrow at the beginning of class

54. 45 minutes for lunch

55. Learn to use engineers' tools  Problem definition  Critical factors  Brainstorm  Measurements  Simulations  Design  Build things  Test  Teamwork  Communicate

56. Grading 3 JHU Credits for students earning an “A” or “B” or JHU Certificate of Completion  Labs  College Rankings  Remote Measurement  Materials Lab  Logic / Robot  Chemical Processes  Communication  Mousetrap Design Instructions  Mini-research essay  RFP Oral Presentation  Spaghetti Bridge Project  Participation  Final Exam – Take home, graded by JHU

57. Expectations  Condensed college-level course  Fast pace … only 19 sessions  Be on time 9:00 sharp!!!  Don’t miss class!  Need access to a computer/ Internet/ MS Office  Participate  Ask questions!  Homework every night...up to 3 hours  Teamwork is essential  If you have a problem … let us know right away!!  We are here to help you succeed.

58. Academic Conduct  Student assume a duty to conduct themselves in a manner appropriate to Johns Hopkins University  Violations of academic ethics include:  Submitting someone else’s work as your own  Cheating  Plagiarism  Cases of suspected academic misconduct will follow JHU procedures.  The final exam is an individual effort.

59. Prepare for lab tomorrow!  Tension test of spaghetti  Form groups of 3-4 students  These groups will be your groups for the remainder of the course

60. Lab Today  Select a pair of safety glasses/goggles to use the rest of the course.  Get a ziplock bag in which to keep your glasses/goggles and use a sharpie marker to write your name on the bag.  Select a table – you must use a table that has been protected with plastic and paper.  ALWAYS GLUE ON WAX PAPER!!!!

61. Prepare spaghetti for tension test.  Mix equal parts of epoxy  Use small (< quarter) size blobs.  Pry cotter pins apart with quarter.  Be neat – NO glue off wax paper.  Make 3 samples of each size of spaghetti (9 total samples)

62. How do you take data?  Write everything in the lab notebook.  Don’t erase. Put one line through any error.  Write enough so someone else can follow.  Plan ahead.

63. HOMEWORK!  Statistics Problem  Read the Tension Test Lab and Prepare your lab notebook to collect the data BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY – Make your spaghetti samples for the tension experiment.