1. RESPONSES & ADAPTATIONS

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A RESPONSE & ADAPTATION UNDERSTAND HOW EXERCISE AFFECTS THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE RESPONSES & ADAPTATIONS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

3. The Anatomy (Structure) Of The Skeleton The skeleton can be split into 2 sections Section 1 The Axial Skeleton Section 2 The Appendicular Skeleton

4. Functions of the skeleton 1. SHAPE 2. SUPPORT 3. MOVEMENT 4. PROTECTION 5. BLOOD PRODUCTION

5. Joint Mobility Is dependent upon; the structure of the joint and the elasticity of the muscles

6. Joint Mobility, - types of joint There are 3 types of joint Fibrous Joints Allow no movement Bones are joined by strong fibrous sutras e.g. the bones that make up the cranium Cartilaginous Joints. Allow a small amount of movement. Bones are joined by a pad of cartilage that will absorb shock. e.g. the bones within the vertebral column Synovial Joints Allow an extensive range of movement Different designs allow different types of movement e.g. the elbow

7. JOINTS HOW MANY DIFFERENT SYNOVIAL JOINTS CAN YOU NAME? CAN YOU GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH? ANSWER: BALL & SOCKET – SHOULDER / HIP HINGE – ELBOW / KNEE / ANKLE CONDYLOID – WRIST GLIDING – CARPALS PIVOT – ATLAS & AXIS (NECK) SADDLE - THUMB

8. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

9. STRUCTURE OF MUSCLES

10. Muscle Fibre Types Contract slowlyContract quickerContract quickest Are moderately powerful Are quite powerfulAre very powerful Are smallAre biggerAre the biggest Have lots of mitochondria Have fewer mitochondria Have very few mitochondria High myoglobin content Moderate myoglobin content Low myoglobin content Resistant to fatigueModerately resistent to fatigue Easily fatigued High capillary density Low capillary density High aerobic capacity / low anaerobic capacity Relatively high aerobic & anaerobic capacity. Low aerobic capacity / high anaerobic capacity Low muscle energy stores e.g. ATP, PC & muscle glycogen. higher muscle energy stores e.g. ATP, PC & muscle glycogen. The highest muscle energy stores e.g. ATP, PC & muscle glycogen. Slow TwitchFast Twitch IIaFast Twitch IIb

11. Responses (fibre recruitment, force production and metabolism) What is a response? Ans;Short term temporary change. Responses occur to facilitate an ease of function. i.e. exercise generates heat, heat encourages increased synovial fluid = increased ROM 3 fibre types Intensity level determines the fibre recruitment type. Effects of Exercise – Responses and adaptations of the body systems Muscular-skeletal system

12. RESPONSES 1. RANGE OF MOTION – HEAT 2. FLEXIBILITY – MUSCLE TEMPERATURE 3. RECRUITMENT 4. FORCE PRODUCTION 5. METABOLISM

13. Adaptations (Increased fibre size, increased force production, increased metabolic energy supply.) What is an adaptation? Ans; A long term, permanent change to the environment. Adaptations are dependent upon the environment and so they will differ dependent upon the environment, i.e. anaerobic training will produce different adaptations to aerobic training. Characteristics of the fibre types will be enhanced with appropriate training. Effects of Exercise – Responses and adaptations of the body systems Muscular-skeletal system

14. ADAPTATIONS 1. BONE DENSITY – WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE 2. SPECIFIC FIBRE ADAPTATIONS 3. PAGE 52 – TABLE 3.1

15. HOMEWORK CREATE A TABLE TO LIST THE RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS OF THE BODY SYSTEMS FILL IT IN FOR THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULO- SKELETAL NEURO- MUSCULAR RESPIRATORYCIRCULATORY RESPONSES ADAPTATIONS