1. Volunteer Marine Rescue TDM MF1007B

2. Apply First Aid  Fractures  Head Injuries  Spinal Injuries  Sprains & Strains  Foreign Bodies  Eye Injuries Session 3

3. The human body has a strong skeleton made up of many bones which support the muscles and tissues of the body. And bones that can be seen and felt beneath the skin provide landmarks for locating part of the body. Some of the skeleton with their names in the areas of the body are shown in the illustration.

4. Cracked Bone Chipped Bone Broken Bone Fractures and Dislocations Fracture Dislocation

5. - Open - Bone protrudes through skin or wound leading to site of the fracture. - Closed - Bone remains within the skin. No wound leading to site of the fracture. Fractures and Dislocations Complicated - May involve body organs and tissue.

6. Fractures and Dislocations A fracture means a broken Bone. They can be caused by: Direct Force Indirect Force Abnormal Muscular Contraction

7. Signs –Swelling –Discolouration –Deformity –Shortening –Abnormal mobility Symptoms –Pain –Loss of power –Tenderness –Crepitus Fractures and Dislocations

8. Effects of a fracture Bleeding Pain Shock

9. Fractures General Management D.R.S.A.B.C.D Control Bleeding Rest and reassure Handle gently Support or immobilise Apply traction to an open fracture. Give anything to eat or drink. Force or straighten fractured joints. Do Not

10. Blood Loss with Fractures Fractures and Dislocations Pelvis (largest loss) 3,000 mls.60% Rib (closed trauma) 200 – 3000 mls.5 - 60% Femur500 – 2000 mls.10 - 40% Tibia / Fibula500 – 1000 mls.10 - 20% Humerous 500 – 1000 mls.10 - 20% Ulna / Radius500 mls.10%

11. Unconscious Victim with Obvious Limb Fractures Lateral (side) position Keeping an open airway takes precedence over all fractures including suspected spinal injuries Fractures and Dislocations

12. Splints

13. Dislocations A dislocation occurs when extreme force is put on a ligament, allowing the ends of two connected bones to separate. Ligaments are flexible bands of fibrous tissue that connect various bones and cartilage. Ligaments also bind the bones in a joint together. Stress on joint ligaments can lead to dislocation of the joint. The hip and shoulder joints, for example, are called "ball and socket" joints. Extreme force on the ligaments in these joints can cause the head of the bone (ball) to partially or completely come out of the socket. What is a dislocation?

14. Dislocations

15. Severe pain, unable to move and appears deformed Prevent movement at the site. Place in a comfortable position. Prevent Pain. Apply Ice. Prevent Bleeding. Seek medical aid. Do Not replace into position. Dislocations Signs and Symptoms General Management

16. Sprains and Strains Sprain The stretching and tearing of ligaments and other soft tissue structures at a joint Strain The stretching and tearing of muscles and tendons

17. C ompression E levation R est I ce Then refer the patient to medical help - General Care Sprains and Strains

18. How does Ice work? An injury damages blood vessels, causing bleeding in the injured area. Injury irritates nerve endings causing pain. Applying Ice: –constricts blood vessels, slowing down bleeding that causes the injury to swell. Cold deadens nerve endings and relieves pain.

19. Types of Skull Fracture Head Injuries

20. Mechanism of Head Injuries Direction of Impact

21. A temporary impairment of brain function, usually without permanent damage to the brain Concussion - Brain Shaking -

22. Concussion Signs & Symptoms Brief or extended periods of unconsciousness Double vision Confusion Loss of short memory (what actually happened). Headache Nausea and vomiting Numbness (tingling and weakness in arms and legs) Lack of co-ordination (stumbling).

23. Cerebral Compression This may be caused by trauma to the head, or by a blood clot formed within the skull Cerebral compression is a condition which occurs when pressure within the brain increases

24. Cerebral Compression Signs and Symptoms Diminishing conscious state. Noisy or irregular breathing. Slow but full and bounding pulse. Weakness in one side of the body. Unequal pupils. Flushed face. Fever.

25. Spinal Injuries May be caused by Vehicle Accidents. Heavy fall onto buttocks. Surfing accidents. Diving into shallow water. Skiing accidents. Incorrect lifting.

26. Spinal Injuries Symptoms and Signs Severe back Pain. Lower limb numbness. Loss of power in limbs. Loss of sensation.

27. Care for Head & Spinal Injuries Spinal Injuries Maintain an open airway. Minimise movement of Head & Spine. Monitor A.B.C. Control any Bleeding. Maintain Body Temperature. If unconscious, carefully place in lateral position.

28. Slings Horizontal Triangular Bandage Arm Horizontal Across the Chest Point of Sling to Injured Shoulder Tie off on the Injured Side.

29. Slings Elevated Triangular Bandage Arm Elevated to Opposite Shoulder. Tie off on the uninjured Side. Point of Sling to Injured Shoulder

30. Slings Fractured Collar Bone Elevated Sling Tie Broad Bandage Across the Chest With Plenty of Packing Under the Arm

31. Slings Fractured Ribs Broad Bandage Across the Chest Elevated Sling With Plenty of Packing Under the Arm

32. Slings Collar and Cuff Form the Cuff Tie on the Injured Side.

33. Slings Fractured Humerus Collar & Cuff (elevated) Two Narrow Bandages Below & Above the Fracture

34. Eye Injuries Injuries to the eye can involve the bone and soft tissue surrounding the eye, or the eyeball itself. Blunt objects such as a cricket bat or a golf ball may injure the eye area or a smaller object mat penetrate the eyeball. Eye injuries can also be caused by heat, smoke, welding flash or chemicals which burn. Any eye injury should be treated as serious. Injuries which penetrate the eyeball or cause the eyeball to be removed from the socket are very serious and can cause blindness.

35. Types of Eye Injuries

36. Foreign Bodies Superficial Wash thoroughly (if unsuccessful, Pad both eyes. Seek medical aid. Embedded / Penetrating Lie flat. Pad both eyes. Reassure the person. Seek medical aid.

37. Eye Injuries Symptoms and Signs of Eye Injuries PAIN REDNESS WATERING May indicate surface or internal bleeding. BLEEDING IMPARED VISION May indicate internal injury. REMEMBER: History may be more relevant than symptoms and signs

38. Eye Injuries Irrigating the Eye Hold eyelids apart. Gently Flush with water for 20 Minutes. Seek Medical Aid.

39. Eye Injuries Care for Eye Injuries Padding both Eyes Paper Cup used as protection for an eye injury. This method is used for penetrating wounds.

40. Eye Injuries REMEMBER Never Touch the Window of the Eye

41. Slings Time for a little more practice.