1. The Skeletal System
Chapter 5 1

2. Objectives: •List and describe the major functions of the skeletal
system.
•Describe the types of various bone tissues, their
locations, and functions.
•List, describe and give specific examples of the
types of bones.
•List and describe the two major divisions of the
skeletal system and the bones which compose each.
•Describe the process of bone formation.
•List and describe the various types of joints.
•List and describe various disorders and diseases of
the skeletal system. 2

3. The Skeletal System What would you look like if you did
not have any bones? Take a minute
a make a sketch of what you think
you might look like. Could you
stand up? Could you walk?
Without bones you would be just a
puddle of skin and organs on the
floor.
Click on the trunk's lid and then use the red knob to
pull the object from the trunk.

4. The human
skeleton contains
206 bones!

5. Functions of the Skeletal
System
•Support of the body
•Protection of soft organs
•Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
•Storage of minerals and fats
•Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) 3

6. Where marrow is located
Types of Bone Tissue
·The skeleton has 206 bones
·Two basic types of bone tissue
·Compact bone
·Homogeneous
·Located on the outside
surface
·Spongy bone
·Small needle-like
·pieces of bone (trabeculae)
·Many open spaces
Where marrow is located
Diagram on p. 118 4

7. Compact Bone Spongy Bone
- hard bone
- surrounds spongy bone
- made of osteon systems
that contain blood vessels
- made of osteocytes
(living bone cells)
- less dense bone
- contains many holes
and spaces
spongy
compact

8. Classification of Bones by Shape
•Long bones
–Typically longer than wide
–Have a shaft (long, central cylinder) with
heads at both ends
–Contain mostly compact bone
•Examples: Femur, humerus
•Short bones
–Generally cube-shape
–Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals 5

9. Classification of Bones by Shape
•Flat bones
–Thin and flattened
–Usually curved
–Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
•Irregular bones
–Irregular shape
–Usually with projections (processes) or openings
(foramen)
–Do not fit into other bone classification categories
•Example: Vertebrae and pelvic bones 6

10. Classification of Bones by Shape
Diagram on p. 117 7

11. Color in the types of bones
based on the correct
classifications.

12. Microscopic Bone Anatomy
Diagram on p. 120 8

13. Microscopic Bone Anatomy
•Osteon (Haversian
System)
–A unit of bone
•Central (Haversian) canal
–Opening in the center of an
osteon
–Carries blood vessels and
nerves
•Perforating (Volkman’s)
canal
–Canal perpendicular to the
central canal
Diagram on p. 120 9

14. Microscopic Bone Anatomy
•Lacunae
–Cavities containing bone cells
(osteocytes)
–Arranged in concentric rings
•Lamellae
–Rings around the central
canal
–Sites of lacunae
•Canaliculi
–Tiny canals
–Radiate from the central canal
to lacunae
–Form a transport system
between cells
Diagram on p. 120 10

15. Bone Cell Types •Osteocytes •Osteoblasts •Osteoclasts
–Mature bone cells surrounded by matrix
•Osteoblasts
–Bone-forming cells produce new matrix
•Osteoclasts
–Bone-destroying cells
–Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of
calcium
•Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
–During your life span the your skeleton is broken down
and rebuilt completely on the average of seven times! 11

16. Canaliculi
Lamella
Sharpey's fibers
Lacunae
Osteocytes
Haversian/central canal
Blood vessel
Periosteum
Lamella
Osteon
Volkmann's canal
Compact bone
Spongy bone

17. Review! Bone Classifications
Long Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Short Bones

18. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diagram on p. 118
•Diaphysis
–Shaft
–Composed of compact bone
•Epiphysis
–Ends of the bone
–Composed mostly of spongy bone
–Contains red marrow
•Medullary cavity
–Cavity of the shaft
–Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in
adults
•Articular cartilage
–Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
–Made of hyaline cartilage
–Decreases friction at joint surfaces 13

19. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diagram on p. 118
•Periosteum
–Outside covering of the
diaphysis
–Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
•Sharpey’s fibers
–Secure periosteum to underlying
bone
•Endosteum
- Inner lining of the
medullary cavity
•Arteries, veins, nerves
–Found in the Haversian and
Volkman canal systems within
the compact bone. 14

20. Bone Development and Growth
•During development,
cartilage is replaced by
bone (ossification)
•Cartilage remains in
isolated areas
–Bridge of the nose
–Parts of ribs
–Joints
•Bones are remodeled
and lengthened until
growth stops
–Bones change shape
somewhat
–Bones grow in width
Diagram on p. 121 15

21. Bone Development and Growth
•Epiphyseal plates allow
for growth of long bone
during childhood
–New cartilage is
continuously formed
–Older cartilage becomes
ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage 16

22. Periosteum
Compact bone
Cartilage
Medullary Cavity
Cartilage
Epiphyseal line
Bone marrow
Compact bone
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Compact bone
Periosteum
Blood vessels
Spongy bone
Epiphysis
Sharpey's fibers
Spongy bone

23. Divisions of the Skeleton
•The Skeleton is divided into two major
regions:
a. Axial Skeleton
b. Appendicular Skeleton
•Axial Skeleton - longitudinal part of the
body
–Divided into three parts
•Skull
•Vertebral column
•Bony thorax 19

24. Divisions of the Skeleton
•Appendicular skeleton - appendages and
joints
–Limbs (appendages)
–Pectoral girdle (shoulder, scapula, and clavicle)
–Pelvic girdle (pelvis) 20

25. Divisions of the Skeleton
Diagram p.
125 21

26. 22

27. Label Mr. Bones! Tibia Cranium Radius Sternum Sacrum Metacarpals
Patella
Fibula
Humerus
Ulna
Clavicle
Mandible
Scapula
Ribs
Pelvic
Metatarsals
Vertebra
Femur

28. patella
humerus
femur
scapula
radius
vertebra
metatarsals
skull
clavicle
ulna
tibia
fibula
pelvis
metacarpals
costals

29. Boneyard Bill's
Body Parts
Can you drag all the bones to their correct locations?

30. How fast can your class find the words?
BONES, BONES, BONES
As you find
the bones,
identify them
on Steve! S T E R N U M Y E S J A W B O N E C L A V I C L E G O L S C H O O L R W P R S C A U P U L A B O A T E A T H A T S E D B P R U X L K E P N M A M Z C A I P A T E L L A S H I C L S S A F D O G I A I M U D A U A A B U E T E N E B S E I S R R M T N T R L S A M E I T D A H A B A A G S E A N O T U A A M C L G E N L E R M S E A L A R I B S D O T Y O S E U T A N T N E N I P S N R K B N L H V A L O S T B A N O F E M O S T B E E J S I V L E P F A V
How fast can your class find the words?
SPINE
ULNA
FIBULA
FEMUR
PATELLA
CLAVICLE
RADIUS
STERNUM
TIBIA
PELVIS
PHALANGES
JAWBONE
CRANIUM
RIBS
HUMERUS
VERTEBRA
SCAPULA

31. Axial Skeleton: The Skull
•Two sets of bones
–Cranium
–Facial bones
•Bones are joined by sutures (fixed,
non-movable joints)
•Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint 23

32. Axial Skeleton: The Skull24
Diagram p. 126

33. Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Diagram p.
129
Axial Skeleton: The Skull 25

34. Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Diagram p.
127
Axial Skeleton: The Skull 26

35. Axial Skeleton: The Skull
•Paranasal sinuses: Hollow portions of bones
surrounding the nasal cavity
–Functions
•Lighten the skull
•Give resonance and amplification to voice
Diagram p.
128 27

36. Auditory meatus
Mandibular ramus
Mental foramen
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Maxilla
Suture
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Suture
Suture
Mandible
Parietal bone
Zygomatic bone
Styloid process

37. Practice Makes Perfect!
Parietal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Inferior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Suture
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Mandible
Vomer
Alveolar margins
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Maxilla

38. Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone
Diagram p.
130
·The only bone
that does not
articulate with
another bone
·Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12 30

39. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
Diagram p. 131
·Vertebrae are
separated by
intervertebral discs
composed of
fibrocartilage
·The spine has a
normal curvature
·Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location 31

40. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral
Column 32
Diagram p. 133

41. Thoracic vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
C1 Atlas
Lumbar vertebrae
C2 Axis

42. Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle
•Composed of two bones
–Clavicle – collarbone
–Scapula – shoulder blade
•These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement 36

43. Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral
Girdle (Shoulder) 37
Diagram p. 139

44. Appendicular Skeleton: Brachium
Region
·The arm is
formed by a
single bone
·Humerus
Diagram p. 140 38

45. Appendicular Skeleton:
Antebrachium Region
•The forearm has
two bones
•Ulna (side adjacent
to little finger)
•Radius (side
adjacent to thumb) 39
Diagram p. 140

46. Appendicular Skeleton: Carpus, Manus, and Digits Region
·The hand
·Carpals – wrist
·Metacarpals – palm
·Phalanges – fingers 40
Diagram p. 141

47. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
•Hip bones
•Composed of three pair of fused bones
–Ilium
–Ischium
–Pubic bone
•The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
•Protects several organs
–Reproductive organs
–Urinary bladder
–Part of the large intestine 41

48. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
The sacrum and coccyx are part of the
axial skeleton not appendicular skeleton. 42
Diagram p. 142

49. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
Coxal Bone Structure 43
Diagram p. 142

50. Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle Male and Female Pelvis Comparison
Diagram p. 142 44

51. Appendicular Skeleton: Femoral
Region
·The thigh has
one bone
·Femur – thigh
bone 45
Diagram p. 144

52. Appendicular Skeleton: Patellar and
Crural Regions
·The leg has
two bones
·Tibia
·Fibula 46
Diagram p. 144

53. Appendicular Skeleton: Tarsal, Pes,
and Digits Regions
·The foot
·Tarsus – ankle
·Metatarsals –
sole
·Phalanges – toes 47
Diagram p. 145

54. Word Sort! Arrange the words into categories!
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Scapula
Spongy
Sphenoid bone
Sternum
Suture
Femur
Carpals
Lacunae
Temporal bone
Osteoblast
Ossification
Cartilage
Lumbar
Vertebra
Lamella
Humerus
Osteoclast
Marrow
Cervical
Frontal bone
Central canal
Phalanges
Epiphysis
Pelvis
Maxilla
Patella
Nasal bone
Volkmann's canal
Ethmoid bone
Costals
Parietal bone
Cranium
Diaphysis
Compact
Mandible

55. Articulations: Joints •A joint is a location where two or more bones
meet.
•Functions of joints
–Hold bones together
–Allow for mobility 49

57. Types of Joints •Ways joints are classified structurally:
•Ways joints are classified functionally:
•Synarthroses – immovable
•Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
•Diarthroses – freely moveable
•Ways joints are classified structurally:
–Fibrous joints
•Generally immovable (sutures of skull)
–Cartilaginous joints
•Immovable or slightly moveable (vertebral disc)
–Synovial joints
•Freely moveable (shoulder, pelvis, knee, elbow, digits)
•Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
•Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity 50

58. Anatomy of Synovial Joints
•Articular cartilage – (hyaline) covers ends
of bones
•Fibrous articular capsule – enclose joint
surfaces; lined with synovial membrane
•Joint cavity – cavity between bones of a
joint containing a lubricating fluid called
synovial fluid
•Ligaments – reinforce the joint 51

59. Structure of a Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28 52
Diagram p. 149

60. Type of Synovial Joints53
Diagram p. 151

61. Types of Synovial Joints54
Diagram p. 151

62. Gliding Pivot Hinge Ball and Socket
Identify the type of joint in the diagrams.

63. What joint(s) is she using?
Gliding
Ball and Socket
Hinge & Pivot

64. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
•A fracture is a break in a bone
•Types of bone fractures
–Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
–Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
•Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
immobilization
–Realignment of the bone 55

65. Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
•Open reduction – surgery is needed to
secure the bones together with pins or
wires.
•Closed reduction – bone ends coaxed
back into position by physician 56

66. Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
Diagram p. 123 57

67. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System: Fractures
Identify the fractures.
Simple
Greenstick
radius
Simple
Spiral
fibula
Compound
Fracture
tibia and
fibula
Comminuted
Fracture
radius 58
X - Ray NQ

68. Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
•Osteoporosis: afflicts
both men and women
but most common in
post menopausal
women
–Bone tissue becomes
brittle and breaks easily
with little applied stress
–Cause - loss of calcium
from bone matrix 59