1. به نام خداوند بخشنده مهربان

2. محل اتصال دو یا چند استخوان
مفاصل
مفصل
محل اتصال دو یا چند استخوان

3. تقسيم بندي مفاصل از نظردامنه حرکت: متحرک(Diarthrosis):
نيمه متحرک(Amphiarthrosis)
غيرمتحرک(Synarthosis)
از نظر ساختمان:
فيبروز(ليفي) :درز(جمجمه)-گامفوزيس(دندان )-سين دسموزيس تنه استخوان هاي ساعد توسط غشائ بين استخواني
غضروفي:سمفيزيس-سين کندروزيس(دنده وجناغ)
سينوويال:

5. مفصل لیفی
از نوع مفصل غیر متحرک است
1- سوچور (درز های کاسه سر)
2- گومفوزیس (حفره دندانی)
3- سین دسموزیس (پرده بین استخوانی)

6. Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
suture
sutures of the skull are fibrous joints with very short connecting fibers
Bones united by ligament

7. Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
(syndesmosis)
Bones united by ligament

8. Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
Interosseous membrane
(syndesmosis)
Bones united by ligament

9. گامفوزیس Ligaments hold tooth in bony socket Immovable joint enamel
dentin
pulp
gum
Socket of alveolar process
root of tooth
Peridontal ligament (membrane)
Ligaments hold tooth in bony socket
Immovable joint

10. مفصل غضروفی
از نوع مفصل نیمه متحرک است
1- سین کوندروزیس (غضروف شفاف)
- مفصل دنده ای جناغی + صفحه رشد
2- سمفیزیس (لیفی غضروفی)
- سمفیزیس پوبیس + دیسک بین مهره

11. Immovable Joint (synchondrosis)
مفاصل غضروفی
Immovable Joint (synchondrosis)
Synchondrosis Joint
This type of immovable joint is a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage. (eg. epiphyseal plate).

12. Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)
مفاصل غضروفی
Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)
Symphysis Joint A symphysis occurs where there is much more cartilage present than in a synchondrosis. Adjacent bones are separated by, and fused to, a fibrocartilaginous pad.
pubic symphysis
symphysis

13. مفاصل سینوویال مفصل سینوویال از نوع مفصل متحرک است مشخصات عمومی:
- کپسول مفصلی
(لایه لیفی اطراف مفصل)
- حفره مفصلی
(توسط کپسول مفصلی)
اگر در اين حفره جسم غضروفي يک دايره کامل باشد صفحه مفصلي واگر قوسي از غضروف باشد منيسک گويند.
- پرده سینوویال
(سطح درونی حفره و ترشح مایع سینوویال)
- غضروف مفصلی
(لایه غضروفی سطح مفصل)
- مایع سینوویال
(تغذیه غضروف و کاهش اصطکاک)

14. Synovial Joints
hyaline cartilage
synovial cavity
femur

15. (diarthrosis)- freely moveable
Synovial Joints
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
pelvis
ligaments
femur

16. Shoulder joint
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint - formed by the head of the humerus and scapular glenoid fossa
This is a ball & socket joint and the most movable joint of the body, and relatively easily dislocated; allows circumduction and rotation of the arm
Ligaments pass around the shoulder rim, between the corocoid process & greater tubercle, and between the greater & lesser tubercles
The stability of the shoulder is provided mainly by the tendons of the subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles
- forms the musculotendinous (rotator) cuff

17. Knee Joint

18. انواع مفصل سینوویال مسطح لولایی محوری مفصل دنده با مهره
مفصل بین استخوان های مچ دست و پا
مفصل ساکروایلیاک
مفصل ترقوه با کتف و جناغ
مسطح
مفصل آرنج
مفصل زانو
مفصل مچ پا
مفصل بین انگشتان
لولایی
محوری
مفصل بین اطلس و آسه
مفصل بالایی رادیوس و اولنا

19. بیضی زینی گوی و کاسه مفصل مچ دست مفصل کفی انگشتی دست
مفصل کفی انگشتی پا
زینی
مفصل مچی کفی اول دست
گوی و کاسه
مفصل شانه
مفصل ران

20. Types of Synovial Joints

21. Hinge Joint Convex surface of bone fits in concave surface of 2nd bone
Unixlateral like a door hinge
Examples:
Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Movements produced:
flexion
extension
hyperextension

22. Planar Joint Bone surfaces are slightly curved
Side to side movement only
Rotation prevented by ligaments
Examples:
intercarpal to intertarsal joints
sternoclavicular joint
vertebrocostal joints

23. Pivot Joint
Rounded surface of bone articulates with the ring formed by the 2nd bone & ligament
Monoaxial since it only allows rotation around longitudinal axis
Examples:
proximal radioulnar joint
supination
pronation
atlanto-axial joint
Turning head side to side “no”

24. Saddle Joint
One bone saddle-shaped, other bone fits like a person riding on the saddle
Biaxial
circumduction allows the tip of the thumb to travel in a circle
Opposition allows thumb to touch tip of other fingers
Examples:
Trapezium of carpus and metacarple of thumb

25. Ball & Socket Joint Ball fitting into a cup-like depression Multiaxial
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
rotation
Examples:
shoulder joint
hip joint

26. Condyloid Joint Oval-shaped depression fits into oval depression
Biaxial= flex/extend or adduct/abduct is possible
Examples:
Wrist and metacarpophelangeal joints for 2 to 5 digits

27. انواع حركات مفاصل Type of joint movement: Flexion- bent knee
Extension- extend knee
Hyperextension- bring leg back
Dorsi flexion- heal
Plantar flexion- toe
Abduction- leg out
Adduction-leg in
Rotation- twisting
Circumduction- circular motion
Supination- palm up
Pronation- palm down
Eversion- foot out
Inversion- foot in
Protraction- chin forward
Retraction- chin back
Elevation- shoulders up
Depression- shoulders down

28. Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.

29. Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Hyperextension
Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column
Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.

30. Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Extension
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the shoulder and knee
Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.

31. Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.

32. Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Lateral
rotation
Medial
Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.

33. Figure 8.6a Special body movements.
Supination
(radius and
ulna are
parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation
(radius
rotates
over ulna)
Figure 8.6a Special body movements.

34. Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Figure 8.6b Special body movements.

35. Figure 8.6c Special body movements.
Eversion
Inversion
(c) Inversion and eversion
Figure 8.6c Special body movements.

36. Figure 8.6d Special body movements.
Protraction
of mandible
Retraction
(d) Protraction and retraction
Figure 8.6d Special body movements.

37. Figure 8.6e Special body movements.
Elevation
of mandible
Depression
(e) Elevation and depression
Figure 8.6e Special body movements.

38. Figure 8.6f Special body movements.
(f) Opposition
Opposition
Figure 8.6f Special body movements.

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