1. Population and Culture Notes

2. Studying Population
Demography is the statistical study of human populations
Demography is used to predict future population trends to determine where possible population increases/decreases will occur

3. Population Density
Average number of people living in a region, which is expressed in # of people/square mile.
Populations vary greatly throughout the world
Landforms
Climates
Water availability

5. Population Distribution
How are populations densities spread or distributed all over the world?
Populations are spread unevenly throughout the world

6. Where do most people live?
90% of the world population lives in the Northern Hemisphere
between 20 and 60 degrees North latitude
In low lands and areas with fertile soil
Example- river valleys

8. Four world population clusters
East Asia
South Asia
Europe
Eastern North America

9. Population Changes 3 factors determine population changes
1. Birth Rate
2. Death Rate
3. Migration

10. Birth Rate
Number of live birth’s each year for every 1000 people in a region

11. Death Rate
Number of death’s each year for every 1000 people in a region

12. Migration Process of moving from one place to live in another
Emigrants
Immigrants
Push and Pull Factors
Refugees

13. Natural Increase
Population changes based solely on the birth and death rates
Lowest- North America and Europe
Highest- Africa and Southwest Asia

14. Existing number of people is too large to be supported by available resources
Currently 6.9 billion people on Earth
Population growing by 80 million each year
Overpopulation

15. Future Population
Population Projections- estimates the future population sizes, ages, growth rates
Demographers use POPULATION PYRAMIDS

16. Culture- All the features of a peoples way of life
Language
Fashion
Religion
Dialect
Government/Economies
TV, Movies, Music

17. Culture Trait- activities and behaviors used by people
Culture Region- an area where people have similar traits and beliefs
Ethnic Group- human population which shares ancestry and culture traits

18. 3 causes for Culture Change
1. Migration- movement of people and goods/services
2. War- relocation of people who take their culture traits with them.
3. Trade- people send a pieces of their culture to other places which affect that culture.

19. Acculturation- Individual or group adopts some traits to that of another culture (language, religion)
Innovation- new ideas which are accepted by culture (baggy pants, Tattoos)
Diffusion- ideas or innovations spread from one person to another and are adopted. (music, fashion)

20. Globalization- the process in which connections around the world increase and cultures merge
Traditionalism- cultures which follow longtime historical practices or ways of life and who sometimes oppose many modern innovations.

21. World Language and World Religion
Hello
Hola
Bonjour

22. Dialect- regional variety of language
Major vs. Minor Language- almost every country in the world has a major and a minor language.
"Ya'll"

23. Religion
Ethnic Religion- Focuses on one ethnic group and generally spreads into culture
Animist Religion- People who believe in the presence of the spirits and the forces of nature
Polytheism- belief in many gods
Monotheism- belief in one god
Henotheism- belief in one god without denying the existence of other gods.

24. Examples of Religion Ethnic Religion- Jews/Muslims Animists- Voodoo
Polytheism- Hinduism
Monotheism- Christianity

25. Missionaries- people who help spread religion around the world.
Churches
Schools
Water Wells
Developing Countries

26. Types of Government
Autocracy- government run by a single person who has unlimited powers (North Korea)
Totalitarianism- Absolute power
Absolute Monarchy- King or queen with absolute power
Constitutional Monarchy- King or queen who rules along with elected officials and both must abide to a constitution (United Kingdom)

27. Oligarchy- Government run by a few powerful people (South Africa)
Communism- Economic and political system in which the government controls and owns all the means of production. (China)
Socialism- Free enterprise system of economy in which the government owns and controls some of the means of production. (Canada)

28. Democracy- Government run by the people, either directly or through elected officials or representatives. (USA)
Direct Democracy- citizens participated directly in the decision making process
Representative Democracy- voters elect officials to make decisions in their interest
Republic- Political order in which the power lies with the citizens who vote representatives to be responsible for some of the decision making process (USA)

29. Types of Economies
Market Economy- Economy which the people freely choose what to buy and sell
Free Enterprise- System which lets competition among businesses determine the price of a product
Capitalism- business, industry, and resources are privately owned

30. Command Economy- The government decides what to produce, where to make it, and what price to sell it at
Traditional or Subsistence Economy- People who make goods for themselves and sell whatever they have left over

31. 4 Types of Economic Activities
1. Primary- economic activity that uses natural resources directly (farming, fishing, mining)
2. Secondary- Use of raw materials to produce or manufacture something new (wheat to flour, lumber to plywood)
3. Tertiary- Provides a service to people or businesses (teacher, dry cleaner, grocer)
4. Quaternary- requires workers to have a specialized skill or training (doctor, scientist, engineer)

32. How to measure the development of a country
Gross Domestic Product- GDP- Total value of goods and services which were built within a country per year.
Gross National Product- GNP- Total value of goods and services which a country produces either foreign or domestic per year.

33. Industrialization- process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area
Literacy Rate- the percentage of people who can read and write in a country (over the age of 15)
Standard of Living- per capita, education levels, food consumption, food production, population size, and population prediction.

34. More Developed vs. Less Developed

35. More Developed richest countries in the world
high levels of industrialization
high standard of livings
High GDP and GNP
Less than 25% of the worlds populations live in these countries.
They have a lot of infrastructure (all systems of transportation including roads, ports, highways...)

36. Countries of Western Europe
More Developed
Canada
United States
Japan

37. Less Developed World’s poorest countries Low standard of living
Low literacy rates, GNP, GDP
Majority of world populations lives here
High government corruption, birth rates, death rates, and infant mortality rates.

38. Countries of South and Central America
Less Developed Countries
Countries of Africa
Pacific Island Countries

39. Mid Income Countries
Features of both developed and developing countries.
Usually have modern cities or urban areas but poor rural or country areas.
Mexico
Thailand
Brazil
Malaysia

40. 3 Types of Boundaries
1. Natural Boundary- follow a feature of the landscape
2. Cultural Boundary- based on a cultural trait
3. Geometric Boundary- usually follow a straight line with regard to the environment

41. 49th parallel- US and Canada Border
Natural Boundary
River, Moutain, Desert
Cultural Boundary
Religious or Tribal
Geometric Boundary
49th parallel- US and Canada Border

42. Domestication- taming of animals
Urbanization- people moving from rural areas to live in urban areas
Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees for planting fields which are farmed for a few years until the soil is depleted of its nutrients and then it is abandoned.
Subsistence Agriculture- growing enough for your needs
World Cities- most important centers of economic power and wealth (NYC, Tokyo, London)

43. Nationalism- Feelings of pride and loyalty for ones own country
Terrorism- the use of fear and violence as a political force
United Nations- representatives from almost every country discuss international issues (goal- prevent war)
World Trade Organization- works to make trade between countries fair and organized.