1. CHAPTER 5 Refrigerants and the Environment

2. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 2 KEY TERMS Blend Clean Air Act Drop in EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Fractionation Glide Global warming Global warming potential (GWP) Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases (GHGs) Heel Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Recovery Recycling SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Section 609 Small can SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy) Stratosphere Topping off Vent Zeotrope

3. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 3 After studying Chapter 5, the reader will be able to: 1. Discuss the ozone layer and the adverse effects of a CFC on it. 2. Discuss global warming and the effect of greenhouse gases. 3. Explain the effects of the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols on automotive A/C servicing. 4. Understand what refrigerants are and the important safety concerns related to them. 5. Describe what the next generation of HVAC systems might be. OBJECTIVES

4. Objectives (1 of 2) Define the term air conditioning. Discuss the historic developments of modern refrigeration. Discuss the advantages of air conditioning in the automotive industry. Explain the importance of the ozone layer. Discuss what the automotive industry is doing about the ozone depletion problem. Discuss what the government is doing about the ozone depletion problem. Describe how ozone is created. Describe how ozone is destroyed.

5. Objectives (2 of 2) Discuss the Clean Air Act Discuss Ozone Protection Regulations Describe Technician Certification Explain Special Safety Precautions Discuss the types of antifreeze/coolant used Discuss hazardous materials used. Describe toxic gases

6. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 6 R134A Combustible at high pressures if mixed with air. Air Should not used to flush system due to fire or explosion.

7. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 7 INTRODUCTION OZONE DEPLETION GLOBAL WARMING AND GREENHOUSE GASES

8. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 8 Ozone Layer Blocks out ultraviolet wavelengths of light generated by the sun Ultraviolet light causes skin cancer and cataracts in eyes and damage to immune system Damage to plants and vegetables Plankton and larvae in the sea Why is it gone? Man made chemicals (Chlorine) from R-12 Chlorinated fluorocarbon (CFC)

9. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 9 Greenhouse gases Gas layer traps heat at earth atmosphere Increasing the temperature of our living area

10. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 10 LEGISLATION At a conference in Montreal, Canada, in 1987, the United States, along with 22 other countries, agreed to limit the production of ozone-depleting chemicals. This agreement is referred to as the Montreal Protocol. In 1990, President Bush (senior) signed the Clean Air Act, which phased out the production of CFCs in the United States by the year 2000. In 1993, the phaseout of CFC-12 was moved forward; R-12 production in the United States ceased at the end of 1995.

11. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 11 LEGISLATION Section 609 is a portion of the Clean Air Act that places certain requirements on the mobile vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) service field. EUROPEAN R-134A PHASEOUT http://www.macsw.org/AM/Template.cfm?Sectio n=Section_609 http://www.macsw.org/AM/Template.cfm?Sectio n=Section_609

12. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 12 TECH TIP New SAE standards J2788 and J2791 have improved refrigerant recovery/recycling/recharging machine and electronic leak detector performance, which should reduce refrigerant emissions as well as improve HVAC system service.

13. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 13 RECOVERY AND RECYCLING RECOVERING CONTAMINATED REFRIGERANT Recovery container should be gray with yellow top labeled mixed, junk, dirty. Then sent off to firms that specialize in disposal and recovery of mixtures. Recovery container recertified every 5 yrs. Failure to recertify is 25K fine Air powered recovery for flammables or unknown mixtures

14. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 14 REFRIGERANTS ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS FOR R-12 ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS, R-134A COUNTERFEIT AND BOOTLEG REFRIGERANTS FUTURE REFRIGERANTS AND SYSTEMS R1234yf, R-152A, Co2, HC REFRIGERANT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Europeans will begin ban on R134A in 2011

15. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 15 TECH TIP A crude but effective way to tell how much refrigerant or, with barbecue grills, propane is in a container is to pour hot water over the container. The heat will warm the top of the container, cause some of the liquid to boil, and increase container pressure, and if you feel along the container, the liquid will cool the lower part. The liquid fills the container to the point of temperature change.

16. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 16 SAFETY NOTE A wise technician wears safety goggles or a clear face shield and protective clothing (gloves) when working with refrigerants. If refrigerant splashes into your eyes, blindness can occur. If refrigerant splashes into your eye or onto your skin, do not rub that body part; flush it with cool, clean water to restore the temperature. Place sterile gauze over the eye to keep it clean and get professional medical attention immediately.

17. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 17

18. Air Conditioning Defined The process by which air is: –Cooled –Heated –Cleaned or filtered –Humidified or Dehumidified –Circulated or Recirculated

19. Historic developments of modern refrigeration 10,000 B.C. –Bleeding water through pores in barrel 1910 –First domestic refrigeration 1940 –Packard uses the first automotive cooling system 1960 –Cadillac first modern automotive air conditioning system

20. Advantages of air conditioning in the automotive industry Keeps people fresh and alert for business meetings and personal business Reduces allergic reactions Lowers tension Meet customer demands for comfort

21. What Is Ozone? Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atoms bound together (O 3 ). It is unstable and highly reactive. Ozone is used as a bleach, a deodorizing agent, and a sterilization agent for air and drinking water. At low concentrations, it is toxic.

22. Ozone Protective ozone lies in the stratosphere –9-22 miles (15-35 km) above the earth Reduces ultraviolet (UV) radiation Created by oxygen and UV radiation Destroyed by chlorine –1 molecule kills 100,000 molecules of ozone –Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) freon, halons

23. Where is Ozone Found? (1 of 2) Ozone is found naturally in small concentrations in the stratosphere, a layer of Earth's upper atmosphere. –In this upper atmosphere, ozone is made when UV light from the sun splits an oxygen molecule, forming two single oxygen atoms. Each single oxygen atom then binds to an oxygen molecule to form ozone. Stratospheric ozone is considered “ good ” ozone because it protects the Earth's surface from dangerous ultraviolet light.

24. Where is Ozone Found? (2 of 2) Ozone is also found in the troposphere. –The troposphere is the lowest layer of the earth ’ s atmosphere, where we live and breathe every day. Ozone that exists in the troposphere is often referred to as bad ozone. –It is the result of air pollution from power plants and internal combustion engines.

25. The Ozone Layer Hole Over Antarctica Ozone hole over Antarctica January 2008 Courtesy of NASA

26. How Does CFC reach the Stratosphere? Even though CFC molecules are heavier than air they are swept up to the stratosphere by the earths winds. This process can take as long as ten years.

27. How is Ozone in the Stratosphere Being Destroyed? Chlorine gas –Enters the stratosphere as CFC –May linger in the stratosphere for 100 years or more

28. Why does CFC break down in the stratosphere? Sunlight causes CFC to release its chlorine atom. 1 chlorine molecule kills 100,000 molecules of ozone This chlorine atom reacts with ozone to produce chlorine monoxide and free oxygen. –For each 1 percent reduction in ozone, 1.5 to 2 percent more UV radiation reaches the surface of the earth.

29. Effects of Loss of Ozone on Human Health and Plant Life Increased levels of UV radiation Effects on humans –Increased risk of all types of skin cancer –Increased risk of cataracts, which can lead to blindness

30. Effects of Loss of Ozone on Human Health and Plant Life Effects on plant life –Plankton in the sea and some species of larvae may be killed off by increasing levels of UV radiation. –The corrosive nature of ozone can damage plants and trees. –High levels of ozone in the troposphere can destroy agricultural crops and forest vegetation.

31. Regulation of Chlorine (1 of 2) Clean Air Act (CAA) –November 15, 1990, President George H. W. Bush signed into law sweeping revisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA). –Title V EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) –A federal agency

32. Regulation of Chlorine (2 of 2) Montreal Protocol –International –Require meetings on ozone depletion –Phase out of all CFC production by 2000 –CFC-12 (R-12) –Because ozone-depleting gases typically last 40 to 100 years in the atmosphere, full recovery is not expected to be reached before 2070.

33. Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect (1 of 2) Solar radiation passes through the clear atmosphere. Most of the radiation is absorbed by the earth ’ s surface to warm it. Some of the solar radiation is reflected by the earth and the atmosphere.

34. Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect (2 of 2) Some of the infrared radiation that passed through the atmosphere is absorbed and readmitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules. The effect of this is to warm the lower atmosphere. –Greenhouse gases, in effect, work like a blanket, warming the lower atmosphere.

35. Two Common Automotive Refrigerants R-134a (HFC-134a) R-12 (CFC-12) on pre-1994 vehicles HFO-1234yf –http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7- 20038449-48.htmlhttp://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7- 20038449-48.html

36. Refrigerant Cylinders R-134a (HFC-134a) refrigerant containers are Sky Blue in color. R-12 (CFC-12) refrigerant containers are White in color. DOT-approved Refrigerant containers may be non-refillable disposable containers or refillable containers

37. Refillable Refrigerant Cylinders Refillable refrigerant containers must be inspected and recertified every 5 years. –Refer to the date code stamped on the rim of the cylinder to determine the last date of inspection. –Cylinder should never be filled beyond 80% of its rated capacity. –Cylinder should never be exposed to temperatures above 125°F (52°C)

38. Certifications EPA Certification –Under the Clean Air Act (CAA) a technician servicing a motor vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) system must be EPA 609-certified. –This is an open book test Certification is available through organizations such as Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) and Mobile Air Conditioning Society (MACS), to name a few. A.S.E. Certification –A.S.E. is a voluntary certification system –A.S.E. A7- Auto Heating and Air Conditioning test is not a substitute for EPA 609-certified.

39. Injuries as a Result of High Pressure One of the basic characteristics of automotive HVAC systems is the use of fluids, which may be in either the gas or liquid state. In addition these fluids are often under varying pressures. These fluids when contained in a confined chamber exert Hydrostatic pressure. –Extreme care must be taken not to overfill or overheat a confined fluid.

40. Special Safely Precautions Always wear eye protection when working in shop areas or when servicing mechanical equipment in any setting. Eye Damage - If refrigerant enters the eyes: –Do Not rub eyes –Rinse eyes with cool water –Call 911 –Tape sterile dressing over the eye to prevent further exposure to unsanitary conditions and to protect eyes. Do not apply salves or ointments unless directed to by emergency response (911). –Bring victim immediately to a medical facility (i.e. hospital emergency room) Skin Damage - Refrigerant exposure to the skin can cause series frost bit. Asphyxiation - Refrigerant is heavier than air and can displace oxygen in a confined space causing drowsiness or unconsciousness – even death. Always work in a well ventilated space.

41. Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning, 6/e By Thomas S. Birch Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1991 Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. 41 SUMMARY 1. Refrigerants escaping into the atmosphere can have detrimental effects on the ozone layer and also increase climate change and global warming. 2. The Clean Air Act places requirements for technicians to follow when servicing mobile A/C systems. 3. Before doing work that could release refrigerant from a system, a technician must recover the refrigerant from that system. 4. Recycled refrigerant must meet the same standards as new, virgin refrigerant. 5. The SNAP rule limits which refrigerants can be used in a system. 6. Safety precautions should be followed when handling refrigerants.