1. Better Outdoor Air Quality in African Cities elisa.dumitrescu@unep.org, http://www.unep.org

2. Urban Air Quality Over 800,000 deaths/year from urban air pollution Global health cost billions US$ Transport - up to 75% of urban air pollution Transboundary movement of PM, NOx, SOx Vehicle emissions in Europe decreased by 1/3 in past decade - despite growing number of vehicles – cleaner fuels and vehicles Climate Change: Road transport is responsible for 10% of all CO2 emissions globally Thomas Harrison-Prentice

3. African Cities Urban Africa: Urbanization highest in the world - by 2030 most Africans will live in cities Growth in vehicle ownership Greenhouse Gas emissions very low, but growing: 2.2% of global emissions in 1970, 3.6% in 2000

4. ‘Air pollution is a silent assassination of the weak.’ Luc Gnacadja, Better BAQ SSA 2006 2006 Better Air Quality in sub-Saharan African Cities, ministers identified key areas for intervention to improve air quality in the region: Transport (clean fuels and vehicles, public transport) Waste Management Air Quality Monitoring Industry Indoor Thomas Harrison-Prentice

5. Transport - Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles PCFV helps developing countries: 1) global elimination of leaded gasoline 2) phase down sulphur in diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with 3) adopt cleaner vehicle requirements and technology. www.unep.org/pcfv PCFV global target: …reduce sulphur in vehicle fuels to 50 parts per million (ppm) or below worldwide, concurrent with clean vehicles and clean vehicle technologies, with roadmaps and timelines developed regionally and nationally. Low sulphur for clean dieselization, emission reductions

8. Low Sulphur Fuels Three steps: Sub-regional intermediate level 500 ppm 50 ppm Cleaner fuels and vehicles reduce vehicle emissions immediately Reducing sulphur = lower fine and ultra-fine particles from all vehicles Sulphur levels of 500 ppm and below open the door to cleaner vehicles and technology BUT even greater reduction at very low sulphur levels (below 50 ppm) Advanced catalysts, particle filters, new generation emission control technology - including NOx emission controls 3-way catalysts: maximum efficiency at 50 ppm or less sulphur Engine technology more durable with low-sulphur fuel

9. Vehicle Efficiency Durable, fuel efficient: 20-40% above gasoline, reduction in CO2, performance, and durability New diesels may be competitive with hybrids, cleanest gasoline engines 500 ppm or less needed for maintenance of advanced engines High pressure injection systems - only approved for high quality/low sulphur diesel markets Global light-duty diesel vehicles to double in 10 years Dieselization with low air quality, climate impacts Technology in developing countries Need the right fuel for benefits

10. Waste Burning Thomas Harrison-Prentice

11. Monitoring: Small-Scale Pilots in Accra and Dar es Salaam Successful phase-out of lead UNEP, USEPA, USAID Training, equipment – 2 years PM 10, O3, Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb) and Manganese (Mn) in PM 10 The main sources of pollution identified are vehicles, industries, open waste burning, roads (dusty roads) and natural phenomena (winds)

12. Develop legal and regulatory frameworks to address better air quality (BAQ) in SSA cities; Mainstream BAQ management in poverty reduction and growth strategies; Address air quality issues jointly among countries as air pollution is trans-boundary; Lower sulphur levels in fuels; Transport demands will continue to increase in the region, thus the need for mass transport and better municipal and town planning, including greening of cities to address BAQ

13. Way Forward Work at subregional level to lower sulphur levels, import restrictions on used vehicles as agreed at BAQ 2006 – Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) Increase monitoring, emission inventories – replication of Accra and Dar es Salaam projects Non-motorized transport (NMT) facilities (sidewalks, cycle ways) for reduced motorization impacts, low-income mobility – roads for all, esp. vulnerable users City and transport planning - GEF support for BRT systems in Africa (Dar es Salaam, Johannesburg) Link air quality, climate, development agendas - co-benefits at local and global levels

14. Thank you www.unep.org/pcfv elisa.dumitrescu@unep.org