1. Ammonia and Particulate matter emissions from animal feeding operations Pius Ndegwa Nutrient Management & Air Quality Specialist Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University

2. Outline 1.Background 2.EPA-Industry collaboration: Birth of NAEMS 3.After NAEMS? 4.Outreach Programs and Activities

3. Background Prior to year 2000, EPA was mainly concerned on the impact of animal feeding operations (AFOs) on water – comprehensive nutrient managements. In 2000, pressure from citizens and environmental groups forced EPA to start enforcing two federal air quality laws in AFOs for select pollutants including: PM 10 & PM 2.5, non-methane VOCs, H 2 S, and NH 3. PM 10 & PM 2.5 and non-methane VOCs emissions as criteria air pollutants are enforced under the U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990.

4. Background Notification requirements for certain quantities of NH 3 and H 2 S emissions enforceable under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA).

5. Background: Criteria pollutants The six “criteria pollutants” potentially harmful to human health currently regulated (by EPA) under the Clean Air Act are: Sulfur Dioxide - SO 2 Nitrogen Dioxide - NO 2 Ozone (important: precursors - VOCs & NOx) Particulate matter: PM 10 ; PM 2.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Lead

6. National Ambient Air Quality Standards Primary StandardsSecondary Standards PollutantLevelAveraging TimeLevelAveraging Time Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm (10 mg/m 3 ) 8-hourNone 35 ppm (40 mg/m 3 ) 1-hour Lead1.5 µg/m 3 Quarterly AverageSame as Primary Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm (100 µg/m 3 ) Annual (Arithmetic Mean) Same as Primary Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) 150 µg/m 3 24-hourSame as Primary Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) 15.0 µg/m 3 Annual (Arithmetic Mean)Same as Primary 35 µg/m 3 24-hourSame as Primary Ozone0.075 ppm (2008 std)8-hourSame as Primary 0.08 ppm (1997 std)8-hourSame as Primary 0.12 ppm1-hour (Applies only in limited areas)Same as Primary Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppmAnnual (Arithmetic Mean) 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m 3 ) 3-hour 0.14 ppm24-hour

7. Other EPA Legislations for Air Quality relevant to AFOs CERCLA (1980) – Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. EPCRA (1986) – Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know Act. Currently: H 2 S and NH 3 emissions of > 100 lb/day must be reported!

8. Background However, the EPA found it difficult to determine which AFOs are in violation of these regulations because of the lack of reliable science based emissions data. In addition, there was considerable concern within the agricultural community, who contended that the current emission estimates for AFOs were based on data from studies that were outdated or did not represent modern livestock practices. A National Research Council panel commissioned by National Academy of Sciences for EPA to assess the state-of-science arrived at similar conclusions and recommended that EPA improve its methods of estimating emissions from AFOs (National Research Council, 2003).

9. NRC (2003) Evaluation of the Potential Importance of AFO Emissions at Different Spatial Scales Emissions Global, National, & Regional Local: Property Line or Nearest Dwelling Primary Effects of Concern NH 3 MajorMinorAtmospheric deposition, haze N2ON2OSignificantInsignificantGlobal climate change NO x SignificantMinorHaze, atmospheric deposition, smog CH 4 SignificantInsignificantGlobal climate change VOCsInsignificantMinorQuality of human life H2SH2SInsignificantSignificantQuality of human life PM10InsignificantSignificantHaze PM2.5InsignificantSignificantHealth, haze OdorInsignificantMajorQuality of human life

10. Background Emission data is: Scarce Highly variable Lack of representative credible data! For some type of operations, credible measurements protocols and methodologies need to be developed. Mechanical ventilated barns (well developed and straightforward methods) Naturally ventilated barns - almost no data exist.

11. EPA-Industry collaboration: NAEMS In response to the NRC recommendations and the AFOs concerns, in January 2005, EPA developed Air Quality Compliance Agreement (Consent Agreement). Producers would fund a national study to determine who was in violation and would be required to comply with legislation based on this study. This Consent Agreement would protect producers from enforcement prior to or while research is being conducted (only those who signed the consent agreement though).

12. EPA-Industry collaboration: NAEMS Under the Consent Agreement (Jan. 2005) A National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) will be conducted: To collect credible emission data (NH 3, H 2 S, VOCs, PM 2.5 & PM 10 ), Analyze the monitoring results, and Create tools (tables and models) to be used for determining emissions. Goal: to determine if an AFO emits pollutants at a level which requires them to apply for permits under the CAA, or submit notifications under CERCLA or EPCRA

13. EPA-Industry collaboration: NAEMS Heber, 2008

14. EPA-Industry collaboration: NAEMS In this study, the same instrumentation, protocols, and quality assurance and quality control methods are applied to all species. Study is being conducted in different climatic or geographic areas to reflect different production systems. Current Status: NAEMS is in its second year. We have four sites in the West: two dairies (WA and CA), Two poultry (both in CA).

15. Washington NAEMS site: Aerial photo of the site Milking Parlors Barns Primary Ponds Separator and settling basins Secondary Pond Sick Bay Research barns

16. Washington NAEMS site: Barn Description Open Walls Feed Alley and Open Ridge

17. Washington NAEMS site: On-site instrument shelter Heated raceway Shelter

18. Washington NAEMS site: Monitored barns 600 cows 800 cows

19. Side and end view of one of the barn

20. Washington NAEMS: Instruments placement and sampling

21. Some Results: diurnal variation of the natural ventilation for barn 2 The air inflow showed some discrepancy from the air outflow from the barn. The trends are nevertheless similar during the entire day indicating the credibility of the sonic anemometer measurements. The average of the inflow and outflow thus results in a more reasonable measurement of the ventilation rates during various times of the day

22. Some Results: Typical diurnal variation of the natural ventilation for barn 2 Ventilation rates correlated well with wind velocity and ambient temperature. Wind direction is NE to SW which is consistent with observed ventilation, where air inflows are the N and E walls while the outflows are generally from the S and W walls.

23. Conclusion Based on the mass balance of air inflow and outflow from NV barn, this approach can be used to accurately estimate the ventilation of the NV barns – which is ½ the work done! Why? The ventilation can then be coupled with the concentrations of the various gases of interest at the inflow and outflow to determine emissions fluxes from the barns. Can’t share the emission fluxes – has not authority!

24. After NAEMS? By at least 2011 all livestock farms identified as sources of pollution will have to comply with: The Clean Air Act (CAA) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA). Mitigation Studies are expected to commence once emission studies are completed.

25. What else is going on? - Outreach Programs and Activities Western Region Odor and Air Quality Education Program A collaboration between five universities in the western US to develop and deliver a comprehensive odor and air quality education program to frontline extension professionals In partnership with: Currently funded by: Producer Organizations

26. Outreach Programs and Activities Workshop Curriculum Lesson 1a - Dairy Air Regulations in California Lesson 1a Lesson 1b - Air Quality Legislation in Oregon & Washington Lesson 1b Lesson 2 - Measuring Livestock Odors Lesson 2 Lesson 3 - Odor Mitigation Strategies (BMPS) Lesson 3 Lesson 4 - Ammonia Measurements Techniques Lesson 4 Lesson 5 - Ammonia Mitigation Strategies (BMPs) Lesson 5 Lesson 6 - VOCs Measurement Techniques Lesson 6 Lesson 7 - VOCs Mitigation Strategies (BMPs) Lesson 7 Lesson 8 - H2S Measurements and BMPs Lesson 8 Lesson 9 - Particulates Measurements Techniques Lesson 9 Lesson 10 - Particulates Mitigation Strategies (BMPs) Lesson 10 Lesson 11 - Dietary Changes for Air Quality Lesson 11 Lesson 12 - Greenhouse Gasses and Carbon Credits Lesson 12 Frank Mitloehner Mario E. de Haro Martí Rober Hagevoort Pius Ndegwa & Joe Harrison Michael Gamroth http://bsyse.wsu.edu/WOAQ/

27. Questions?