2. Disability Rights Tribunal in Asia & the Pacific Project :Disability Rights Tribunal in Asia & Pacific Founded by TOYOTA FOUNDATION Project Leader Senior attorney Yoshikazu Ikehara

3. Focuses of my presentation To clarify essential factors of tribunal and to define DRTAP To clarify the necessity of DRTAP To investigate the possibilities of DRTAP To build strategies to establish DRTAP

4. What are essential factors for a “tribunal”?  Function judicial or quasi-judicial functions  Authority an authority created by a statute or an agreement  Position outside the usual judicial hierarchy  Composition not of judges but of multidisciplinary

5. What is “DRTAP”? essential factors Function: judicial or quasi-judicial function on disability rights Authority: based on a regional treaty at the final stage Position: above each domestic judiciary, similar to European Human Rights Court Composition: persons with disabilities, lawyers and others. Jurisdiction: Asia & the Pacific

6. Tentative definition of DRTAP DRTAP is a quasi-judicial body which adjudicates on cases involved with disability rights and is composed of persons with disabilities, lawyers and representatives of the general public. It aims to establish authority similar to European Human Rights Court at the final stage. But it requires some stages to obtain its goal.

7. Necessity of DRTAP domestic aspect A government tends to construe CRPD as being already covered by existing law. They explain that there is no need to reform existing law, because it has already fulfilled the requirement of CRPD. If a domestic judiciary is not based on activism in disability rights issues, it can not work to promote disability rights and to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities.

8. Necessity of DRTAP theoretical base International Human Rights Law is based on “the Rule of Law”. It is necessary for international society to protect Human Rights/Disability Rights under the Rule of Law. From the aspect of the Rule of Law, it is irrational that what is regarded as discrimination in one country is not regarded as discrimination in another country. International society/region needs judicial system to accomplish the Rule of Law.

9. Progress of the Rule of Law in international society (1) 1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1965: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1966: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966: International Covenant Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

10. Progress of the Rule of Law in international society (2) 1979: Convention of the Elimination on of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1984: Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1989: Convention of the Rights of the Child 1990: International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 2006: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

12. Necessity of DRTAP regional aspect Administration of CRPD will be too varied in Asia & the Pacific because of its variety of political, economic, social and cultural differences, if there is not any inter-regional judicial system. DRTAP can maintain and improve the standard of disability rights. DRTAP can provide a multi-layered safeguard for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with other regions. A regional tribunal will be more effective than an international one, because it has a community spirit and a geographical advantage.

13. Possibilities of DRTAP Europe, America and Africa have their own regional treaty and regional judiciary. Are there any reason that only Asia & the Pacific people can not have a similar system? The Rule of Law has been gaining a footing in international society.

14. Procedural Law Aspect Human Rights Court in other regions EuropeNorth/South America Africa Regional InstituteCouncil of EuropeOrganization of American States African Union Convention Charter Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms American Convention of Human rights African Chatter on Human and People’s Rights JudiciaryCourt (old 1959, new 1998) Court (1980)Court (2006) PlaintiffState/Individual citizen State/Individual Citizen State/Citizen*

15. Common procedure to establish a regional judiciary ≪Ⅰ≫ Regional organizations established Council of Europe (1949) The organization of American States(1948) The organization of African Unity(1963), The African Union(2000)

16. Common course to establish a regional judiciary ≪Ⅱ≫ Regional Human Rights Treaty The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms(1950), European Social Charter(1961) The Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man(1948), The American Convention on Human Rights(1969) The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights(1981)

17. Common course to establish a regional judiciary ≪Ⅲ≫ Human Rights Body The Commission of Human Rights(1954) The Inter-American Commission of Human Rights(1960) The African Commission on Human and People’s Rights(1987)

18. Common course to establish a regional judiciary ≪Ⅳ≫ Court of Human Rights European Court of Human Rights(1956) The Inter-American Court of Human Rights(1980) The African Court of Human and People’s Rights(2006)

19. Previous Projects for Human Rights in Asia & the Pacific 1964: Seminar on Human Rights in Developing Countries 1965: Southeast Asia & Pacific Conference of Jurists 1977,1979,1980: some resolutions on human rights regional body in Asia & the Pacific by General Assembly of the UN 1982: Colombo Seminar on Human Rights

20. Resent Movements in Asia & the Pacific Association of South-East Asian Nations(1967) Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam: Observer status, Papua New Guinea, East Timor ASEAN ＋ 3; China, South Korea and Japan (1997) Charter of ASEAN(2008)

21. Precedents of Unofficial Tribunals 1966: Russell Court There have been about 20 cases decided by unofficial tribunals. They are mainly cases on a war crime, human trafficking or discrimination against women. These issues have caused political controversy. We should start with less political issues, because political controversy will make it difficult to establish a tribunal.

22. What is “an Unofficial Tribunal ” ? It consists of members who are designated not by a government but by an NGO run by people with disabilities. It hears a case and gives some critical opinions or recommendations from the aspect of CRPD.

23. Advantages& Disadvantages of “ Official ” and “ Unofficial ” advantagedisadvantage OfficialBinding Authoritative Difficult to establish Becomes bureaucratic Sensitive to political influence UnofficialEasy to establish Democratic Grass roots Independent Less binding Less authoritative

24. Original Approach in Asia & the Pacific NGO basis To develop procedures or institutes to realize or extend disability rights rather than substantial rights themselves To aim at establishing regional tribunal before regional convention or charter on human rights To aim at organizing not a court but a tribunal To be specialized in disability rights issues

25. Four steps of our strategy 1 st : holding an inter-regional conference to raise this issue explicitly among people with disabilities in our region 2 nd :organizing a preparatory committee for the tribunal 3 rd :establishing our informal regional tribunal and dealing with real cases 4 th : to make governments and UN realize necessities and possibilities of a regional tribunal and push them to establish it.