1. C H A P T E R 3 biochemistry

3. Atomic Structure: Protons = Electrons = Neutrons = Mass = Valence Electrons = Currently unstable Needs to obtain, give, or share 4 electrons to become stable.

4. METHANE

6. VERSATILITY OF CARBON Can form single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds, or a combination those bonds.

7. 2 Types of Hydrocarbons: 1.Aromatics = contain a benzene ring 2.Aliphatics = no benzene ring

8. Both of the above pictures demonstrate aromatic hydrocarbons since they contain a benzene ring in their structure and contain only hydrogen and carbon

9. Alkanes – aliphatic hydrocarbon with all single bonds Alkenes – aliphatic hydrocarbon with at least one double bond Alkynes – aliphatic hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond

10. 1 4 3 2

12. = synthesis of polymer by removing water

13. = breakdown of polymer by adding water

16. INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW What are organic compounds? By what process do monomers become polymers? What has to be removed? By what process do polymers become monomers? What has to be added? There are 4 main groups of organic molecules essential to life: CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, and NUCLEIC ACIDS

17. CARBOHYDRATES Elements = Monomers = Monosaccharides General Formula = Have a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O) Straight chain or ring structure

18. GLUCOSE – FRUCTOSE - GALACTOSE Isomers = same formula, different structure Formula = C 6 H 12 O 6

19. DISACCHARIDES Disaccharide means… 2 sugars are joined by what process? What had been removed to allow the disaccharide to form? Sucrose (ordinary table sugar) = one glucose and one fructose Lactose (milk sugar) = one glucose, one galactose Maltose (malt sugar) = 2 glucose

20. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (CONDENSATION REACTION) FOR SUCROSE

21. POLYSACCHARIDES Many sugars CelluloseStarchMade by plants Makes up 50% of wood Cell wall of plantsGlycogen Thousands of glucoseHundreds of glucose branched in a long chain Stored in animal cells

22. PROTEINS Elements = Common examples…. Monomers = Many amino acids join in order to form a polymer

24. General Structure of an amino acid: Carboxyl group Amino group Hydrogen ‘R’ group

26. DIPEPTIDES What is a dipeptide? Where is the peptide bond? Dehydration Synthesis or Hydrolysis??

27. POLYPEPTIDES What is a polypeptide?? Dehydration synthesis or Hydrolysis??

29. Lock and Key Model

31. LIPIDS Elements = Groups of Lipids = triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, steroid Nonpolar (do not dissolve in water) Store energy effectively in C-H bonds

33. FATTY ACIDS

34. SATURATED / UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS Monounsaturated vs. Polyunsaturated

35. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature (such as plant oils).

37. TRIGLYCERIDES A saturated or unsaturated triglyceride?

38. BeforeAfter UnsaturatedSaturated LiquidSolid CisTrans

39. 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids Phospholipids = 2 fatty acids joined to glycerol 2 layers of phospholipids make up the cell membrane = lipid bilayer Phospholipid bilayer = barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. Most of the body is water, the cell membrane is lipid…..lipids do not dissolve in water, so barrier forms.

40. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Glycerol with a phosphate and 2 fatty acids = PHOSPHOLIPID

41. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER (THE CELL MEMBRANE) Head = polar, hydrophilic Tail = non-polar, hydrophobic

42. 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids Wax = carboxylic acid chain (fatty acid) joined to alcohol chain (-OH) Wax = water-proof, protective covering

43. 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids