1. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS: Moris Friedkin and Albert Lehninger
By: Isabella Boushey, Camille Santos, & Ingrid Harb

2. Albert Lehninger
American biochemist born on February 17th, 1917 in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Attended Wesleyan University as an English major
Went to the University of Wisconsin where he studied biochemistry and received his Ph.D in 1942
Received several faculty positions at the University of Chicago and University of Wisconsin
Went to the John Hopkins University School of Medicine
Author of several classical texts such as Biochemistry, The Mitochondrion, and Bioenergetics.

3. Morris E. Friedkin
Born on December 30th, 1918 in Kansas City, Missouri.
Attended Kansas City Junior College from where he received an A.A. in chemistry
Continued his studies at Iowa State College from where he received a B.S. in chemistry and an M.S. in analytical chemistry
Enrolled in the doctorate program at the University of Chicago where he became one of the graduate students of Albert Lehninger
Received his Ph.D in 1948
Received different faculty jobs at different places
Devoted the rest of his life to teaching and research
Research focused on folic acid metabolism, the biochemical basis of the cell cycle and cell growth, the use of radioactively labeled molecules in biochemical research, molecular pharmacology, etc..

4. Timeline
0. Eduard Buchner and Hans Buchner – discovers cell- free fermentation
1. Arthur Harden and William Young - in 1929, discovered ATP
2. Gustav Embden - first to discover and link together all the steps involved in the conversion of glycogen to lactic acid
3. Otto Meyerhof & Jakub Parnas – known for The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP pathway)
4. Otto Heinrich Warburg – 1931, his research into cellular respiration showed that cancer thrives in anaerobic (without oxygen) or acidic conditions.
5. Albert Szent-Györgyi - was the first to isolate vitamin C, and his research on biological oxidation provided the basis for Krebs' citric acid cycle
6. Hans Adolf Kreb Identification of citric acid cycle or "Krebs Cycle"

5. Experiments and Findings
First started working with and studying fatty acids and how they work in the body
Expanded interest to studying whole cell extracts
Aim was to isolate a specific set of enzymes that catalyzed fat metabolism
Separated the mitochondria through using dense sugar solution without damaging other organelles

6. Experiments and Findings
Set up a chilled centrifuge in a refrigerator
Found that the isolated mitochondria could break down fatty acid chains, while the remaining parts of the cell could not
The mitochondria also contained the enzymes for the citric acid cycle, as well as for the production of ATP
It could not begin the breakdown of glucose
Lehninger identified the location of nearly all the major energy reactions in the cell

7. Centrifuge

8. Experiments and Findings
Lehninger's findings became very important in cell biology
It was the first time that a specific function of a cell’s organelle had been proven
This discovery showed that all functions of the cell were separated into different organelles that could be studied individually

9. Experiments and Findings
Had been concluded that for each oxygen the cell consumes three ATP molecules are produced
Lehninger showed with the help of his student Morris Friedkin, “the suspected role of electron transport through the cytochrome system.”

10. Experiments and Findings
Deduced that ATP was produced from high energy electrons that are produced from NADH which is produced during the Kreb’s Cycle
Able to show how NADH could be produced by using β- hydroxybutyrate
He measured the oxygen consumption during this process using a classic apparatus designed by Warburg

11. Experiments and Findings
Made important conclusions on how ion concentrations affected reaction rates
Shown through the synthesis of ATP through the ETC when there is a high concentration of protons on the intermembrane space, which leads to protons diffusing from a high concentrated area to a lower concentrated area. This happens when the protons pass through the ATP synthase and trigger the reaction of the production of ATP.

12. References:
"Albert L. Lehninger." Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct <
"forthcoming in New Dictionary of Scientific Biography." forthcoming in New Dictionary of Scientific Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct <
"Friedkin, Morris. []." SNAC. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct < cr.xml>. 
"Mitochondria: A Historical Review." Mitochondria: A Historical Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct <
"The ATP Requirement for Fatty Acid Oxidation: the Early Work of Albert L. Lehninger." THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct <