1. Environmental Emissions: Industry and Automobiles DR. MD. EHSAN CES, BUET, NOV 2009

2. Environmental Pollution “Environmental Pollution” is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.

3. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 How is Contributing Most to Environmental Pollution ? The major contribution to the environmental pollution comes from only a few countries. Several countries in the developed world are the leaders in air polluting emissions.

4. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Environmental Emissions: This includes Gas-borne pollutants discharged into the atmosphere from different man- made or natural sources eg. - Smokestacks of Industrial and Power generation plants, Exhaust from Vehicles, Burnt Gases from Bushfires or Volcanic Irruptions. Air pollution comes from both natural and man made sources. Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. Environmental Emissions:

5. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 “Global Warming” due to “Green House Effect” is the consequence of continuous large scale environmental emissions and mainly responsible for gradually increasing the temperature the earth’s atmosphere. World wide this is becoming the highest environmental concern today. The polluting gases that contribute to Global Warming are termed as Green House Gases (GHG).

6. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Constitution of Industrial Emissions: Industrial Emissions is a broad term covering many process which involves fossil fuel combustion. This includes - Industry, Residential heating, Transportation (cars, trucks, and airplanes), Power Generation Utilities, and Commercial heating. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline. Two other processes are also usually included with industrial emissions. The first is the production of cement, which releases large amounts of CO2 as the limestone is prepared. The second item is gas flaring from oil fields.

7. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an index (that is, a numerical value or ratio derived from a series of observations) for reporting daily air quality. It tells you how clean or polluted your air is, and what associated health effects might be a concern for you. The purpose of the AQI is to help you understand what local air quality can mean to your health. To make it easier to understand, the AQI is divided into six categories:

8. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Industrial Emission Standards : Limits of Pollutants SubstancesSourcesUnitsStandard Values AntimonyAny sourcemg/Nm 3 20 ArsenicAny sourcemg/ Nm 3 20 Carbon monoxideAny sourcemg/ Nm 3 or ppm1000 or 870 ChlorineAny sourcemg/ Nm 3 30 CopperFurnace or smeltermg/Nm 3 30 Hydrogen ChlorideAny sourcemg/Nm 3 200 Hydrogen SulphideAny sourcemg/Nm 3 or ppm140 or 100 LeadAny sourcemg/Nm 3 30 MercuryAny sourcemg/Nm 3 30 Oxides of NitrogenBoiler / - Coal as fuelmg/Nm 3 or ppm940 or 500 Oxides of nitrogenBoiler / -Others fuelmg/Nm 3 or ppm470 or 250 Particulate Boiler & Furnace / - Coal as fuel mg/Nm 3 400 Particulate Boiler & Furnace / - Others fuel mg/Nm 3 400 Particulate Boiler & Furnace / - Heavy oil as fuel mg/Nm 3 300 Particulate Steel/ Aluminum Manufacturing mg/Nm 3 300 ParticulateOther sourcemg/Nm 3 400 Sulfur-di-oxideH 2 SO 4 productionmg/Nm 3 or ppm3000 or 500 Sulfuric acidAny sourcemg/Nm 3 or ppm100 or 25 XyleneAny sourcemg/Nm 3 or ppm870 or 200

9. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Ways of Controlling and Mitigating Environmental Emissions More Efficient Systems : Better machines or Operating Processes are used. Less fuel needs to be burned, Less Green hours gases would be produced. Reduction of Energy Wastage : Using the Energy better, involves loss minimization after energy being produced. Removing Green House Gases : Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology. Use Renewable and Non-Polluting Source More : Technology needs to be further developed and commercialized. Recycle Material as much as possible: Reduces energy requirement for new materials. Economic Incentives : Efficient energy user must be encouraged by policy. Motivation and Awareness : Increasing public awareness through education and incentives.

10. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Emission from Motorized Vehicles

11. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Emission from Internal Combustion Engines Expected Products : CO 2 and H 2 O, as the fuels are hydrocarbons. Undesirable Products : CO, Unburned HC, NO x, PM, SO x, Pb Major Emission Concerns : SI Engines : CO, Unburned HC, NOx, Pb CI Engines : PM, NOx, Unburned HC, SOx Unburned HC : Major Concern for SI engines. Could be as high as 6000 ppm, 1.5% of fuel Constitutes of fuel itself and partially reacted components. Causes of Formation : Non-Stoichiometric AF ratios of combustion Incomplete combustion, EGR Crevice volumes Valve Overlap Oil or deposition on combustion chamber wall

12. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Carbon Monoxide (CO) : Major Concern for SI engines. Could be as high as 5% of exhaust volume. Causes of Formation : Non-Stoichiometric AF ratios of combustion, Incomplete combustion, EGR Nitrogen Oxides : Major Concern for both SI and CI engines. Could be as high as 2000 ppm Constitutes of NO and NO 2 Causes of Formation : High temperature of combustion Availability of excess Oxygen at high temp Highest rate at slightly lean mixture (  =0.95) Photo-Chemical Smog : NO 2 + Energy from Sunlight  NO + O  O + O 2  O 3 (Ground level) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) : Major Concern for CI engines. Causes of Formation : Sulfur in fuel SI (150-600 ppm), CI (5000 ppm-1%) LSD (low sulfur diesel), ULSD (Ultra low sulfur diesel < 50ppm)

13. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Particulate Matter (PM) : Major Concern for CI engines, may be in SI engines at high loads. High concentration effects the opacity of exhaust (smoke) Constitutes of Carbon Soot Particle, coated with SO 3 and Soluble Organic Fractions (SOF) of fuel. Average mean diameter – 10  m (PM 10), 2.5  m (PM 2.5) Smaller the size more is the health hazard. Causes of Formation : Near-Stoichiometric AF ratios of combustion Presence of heavy components in the fuel Richer burning at high loads At higher temperatures : PM  but NO X 

14. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Emission Standards : Emission Standards may vary in different countries. The standards are getting stringent day by day. EURO stand. CARB stand. FTP stand. EPA stand.Mode stand.

15. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Emission Measurement : Gas Analyzers These are instantaneous vehicle emission measuring devices. Typically have Infrared and Electro-Chemical sensors for measurement of gas components. 3-Gas Analyzers : CO 2, CO and HC 4-Gas Analyzers : CO 2, CO, HC and remaining Oxygen 5-Gas Analyzers : CO 2, CO, HC, remaining Oxygen and NOx

16. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Emission Control Techniques Pre-Engine System : Hot Air Intake System In-Engine System : Electronic Fuel Injection, Exhaust Gas Recirculation Post-Engine System : Catalytic Converter, Diesel Particulate Filter CC : Post Engine Emission Control Device Used for Petrol Vehicles

17. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Diesel Particulate Filters DPF : Post Engine Emission Control Device used for Diesel run Vehicles

18. CES, BUET, NOV 2009 Thank You Let us all work for a better Environment